Load balancing method and system based on estimated elongation rates6986139Abstract A dynamic load balancing method allowing a transaction processing load is balanced among computers by using estimated elongation rates is disclosed. In a system composed of a plurality of computers for processing transaction processing requests originating from a plurality of terminals, elongation rates of processing time for respective ones of the computers are estimated, where an elongation rate is a ratio of a processing time required for processing a transaction to a net processing time which is a sum of CPU time and an input/output time for processing the transaction. After calculating load indexes of respective ones of the computers based on the estimated elongation rates, a destination computer is selected from the computers based on the load indexes, wherein the destination computer having a minimum one among the load indexes. Claims What is claimed is: Description BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The predetermined distribution scheme may be a static distribution method such that the terminals are previously divided into a plurality of groups and an interim destination execution computer is determined depending on which one of the groups a request originating terminal belongs to. The predetermined distribution scheme may be a static round distribution method such that the execution computers are sequentially and repeatedly selected as an interim destination execution computer in the arrival order. The predetermined distribution scheme may be a quasi-static method such that after receiving load data from each of the execution computers at regular intervals, the load data including a number of in-process transactions and one of a CPU utilization and a number of job processing processes staying in a CPU system of the execution computer, the predetermined distribution scheme is determined based on the load data so that a transaction processing load is balanced among the execution computers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transaction load balancing system according to a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a system model for any one computer i; FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a table of data used for calculating the value of load index; FIG. 4A is a flow chart showing the operation of an execution computer selector in the first embodiment; FIG. 4B is a flow chart showing the operation of an execution computer selector in a transaction load balancing system according to a second or third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a diagram a table of eight kinds of load used in the present invention; FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transaction load balancing system according to the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transaction load balancing system according to the third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a graph showing the mean response time, which is a result of simulation; and FIG. 9 is a graph showing a standard deviation of response time, which is a result of simulation. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment 1.1 System configuration Referring to FIG. 1, a computer group 1 is composed of n computers 1.1 through 1.n (generally denoted by 1.x), each of which is a program-controlled computer. The computer group 1 is connected to a load balancing device 2 and a file device group 4 through a high-speed channel 3. The load balancing device 2 is further connected to a terminal group 5 through a communication network 51. In the computer group 1, a computer 1.x (x=1, 2, . . . , or n) includes a load data measurement section 1.x1, a transaction processing section 1.x2, and a communication section 1.x3. The transaction processing section 1.x2 includes a plurality of job processing processes (not shown). The load balancing device 2 includes a communication section 21, a load data memory 6, an execution computer selector 7, and a load data measurement section 8. The computers 1.1 to 1.n do not share a main memory but the file device group 4 via the high-speed channel 3 with equivalent performance conditions. A single transaction is processed as follows. A terminal device belonging to the terminal group 5 transmits a message, which is a transaction processing request to the load balancing device 2 via the communication network 51. The load balancing device 2 selects one of the computers 1.1 through 1.n as a computer in charge of processing the received message. Assuming that the selected computer is denoted by a general reference numeral 1.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n), the load balancing device 2 sends the message to the selected computer 1.i via the high speed channel 3. The selected computer 1.i, when receiving the message, executes the transaction processing thereof, produces a response message, and sends it back to the request-originating terminal device through the high-speed channel 3, the load balancing device 2, and the communication network 51 in reverse. Here, load data measurement section 1.x1, transaction processing section 1.x2 and communication section 1.x3 provided on a computer 1.x are each implemented by programs stored in machine readable recoding media such as CD-ROM, magnetic disk, semiconductor memory, or the like (not shown), the respective programs running on each computer 1.x to implement them when the computer group 1 is started up or at other moments. Similarly, the communication section 21, the load data memory 6, execution computer selector 7, and the load data measurement section 8 provided on the load balancing device 2 are implemented by programs stored in machine readable recoding media such as CD-ROM, magnetic disk, semiconductor memory, or the like (not shown), the respective programs running on a computer of the load balancing device 2 to implement them when the computer is started up or at other moments. Since the computers 1.1 to 1.n have the same function, they will be represented by a computer 1.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n). The load data measurement section 1.i1 on the computer 1.i periodically measures load data of the computer 1.i thereof, and sends the measured load data to the load balancing device 2. Upon the reception of processing request message received from the load balancing device 2 through the communication section 1.i3, the transaction processing section 1.i2 allocates the received processing request to the job processing process under its own control so that the requested processing is performed. The job processing process repeatedly uses the CPU and accesses files on the file device group 4 to execute the program, produces a response message when the processing is terminated, and sends it to the load balancing device 2 via the communication section 1.i3. The load data measurement section 8 periodically receives the load data from the respective computers 1.1 through 1.n via the communication section 21, processes the received load data to produce estimated load data, and stores it to the load data memory 6. On the other hand, the load data measurement section 8 receives notification of occurrence of a transaction processing request and an arrival of a response message from the communication section 21, and updates a part of data on the load data memory 6. The execution computer selector 7 receives a transaction processing request message via the communication section 21 and calculates an estimated elongation rate for each computer 1.i using the estimated load data of the computers stored in the load data memory 6. Based on the estimated elongation rate for each computer, the execution computer selector 7 selects from the computers 1.1-1.n an execution computer to be put in charge of processing the received transaction processing request. When the execution computer has been determined, the execution computer selector 7 instructs the communication section 21 to send the transaction processing request message to the selected computer through the high-speed channel 3. 1.2 Operation Now, an operation of the first embodiment will be described in detail referring to FIGS. 1-5. In FIG. 1, upon the reception of a transaction processing request message from the load balancing device 2 through the communication section 1.i3, the transaction processing section 1.i2 allocates the transaction processing request to the job processing process under its own control, and makes it execute the transaction processing depending on the request. The transaction processing section 1.i2 is capable of processing a plurality of transactions, that is, a plurality of job processing processes on multiprogramming state, and thus improves the response time and the use efficiency of resources. A job processing process repeatedly uses the CPU and gains access to the file device group 4 to execute a corresponding job program. When terminating the processing, the transaction processing section 1.i2 sends the response message to the load balancing device 2 through the communication section 1.i3, and then terminates the process. The resource use characteristic of a job processing process can be determined by the CPU time and the number of input/output accesses, but it is different from one transaction to another. Since pluralities of processes are made to run in parallel, they may access the same resource concurrently. Therefore, it is supposed that a process queue will be formed at least in front of the CPU. In general, the higher the CPU utilization, the longer the queue. As for the input/output, all the computers originating an access request have the same performance condition and therefore it is supposed that the processing time including queuing time is not different among the computers. Referring to FIG. 2, it is assumed that Ni represents the number of in-process job processing processes on the computer i. It corresponds to the number of transactions being processed on said computer. It is further assumed that Pi represents the number of job processing processes in the CPU system, and so, Pi is smaller than or equal to Ni. It is the total number of job processing processes running on the CPU and processes waiting for CPU allocation (ready state). Since the file device group 4 is shared among all the computers and the access performance is equal for all computers, all the computers are supposed to have the same performance as the computer i. The load data measurement section 1.i1 on the computer 1.i measures periodically the number of job processing processes, Pi, staying in the CPU system at that moment or the CPU utilization, Ri, from the previous measurement timing to the current measurement timing, and the number of in-process job processing processes, Ni, at that moment. The load data measurement section 1.i1 sends the measured data. Pi/Ri and Ni, as periodically measured load data, to the load balancing device 2 via the communication section 1.i3. Taking into consideration accuracy/overhead tradeoffs because the measurement interval has an effect on the load balancing accuracy, the measurement interval is preferably about 100 milliseconds or less and, further preferably about 10 milliseconds, for an ordinary transaction processing. Which one of Pi and Ri is used may be decided for each execution system. Here, the case where Pi is used is called P method, and the case where Ri is used is called R method. Referring to FIG. 3, a computer number T1 shows the identification of a computer operating in the system, and a computer is managed based on data contained in a row of the table. The load data measurement section 8 periodically receives, via the communication section 21, values of the number of job processing processes Pi in the CPU system or the CPU utilization Ri from the previous measurement timing to the current measurement timing and the number of in-process job processing processes Ni at that moment, from the load data measurement section 1.i1. Then, the load data measurement section 8 processes the received data, Pi/Ri and Ni, to produce the estimated value Pei of Pi or the estimated value Rei of Ri and the estimated value Nei of Ni as estimated load data. In the case of the R method, Pei can be calculated from Rei. The Pei is stored in the column T4 and the Nei is stored in the column T3 for the computer number i. The number of current in-process transactions, Npi, is stored in the column T2 for the computer number i of the table. This value Npi is updated and stored in the table by the load data measurement section 8 when notified of transmission of a transaction processing request (transaction start) and arrival of a response message (transaction termination) from the communication section 21. Therefore, the value Npi is a reliable measured value. 1.3 Estimated Value Calculation The measured values are not used as they are but converted into estimated values in order to compensate for low sampling reliability by comprehensively integrating the past data. More specifically, an estimated value is obtained using the following relation. Assuming that m is a measured value, e is an estimated value, and n is the times of measurements: e(n)=a·m(n)+(1-a)·e(n-1) (3), where a is a parameter (0<a≦1) and the initial value e(0) is equal to e(1). In other words, the current-evaluated value e(n) is the sum of the current measured value m(n) multiplied by parameter a and the previous estimated value e(n-1) multiplied by (1-a). The expression (3) can be expanded as follows: e(n)=a·m(n)+(1-a)·m(n-1)+a(1-a)2·m(n-2)+a(1-a)3·m(n-3)+-. This expanded expression shows that the estimated value e(n) includes all past measured values m(n), m(n-1), —such that more importance is given to a more recent measured value. That is, the larger the parameter a (nearer to 1), the more important a later measured value. If the measurement interval is enough short, then the reliability of an estimated value increases by making the parameter a smaller (for example, a=0.1). In the R method, Pei is calculated from Rei-determined by the expression (3) by the following formula, and stored in the row T4. Pei=Rei/(1.0-Rei), Pei=Nei when Rei≧0.99. This expression is nothing but the relation between a system length and utilization in M/M/1 queue. 1.4 Selection of Execution Computer Referring to FIG. 4A, when a processing request message has arrived at the load balancing device 2 from a terminal (step 71), the execution computer selector 7 is started up by the communication section 21 and receives the processing request message from the communication section 21. Then, the execution computer selector 7 determines the estimated elongation rate of each computer from the load data of the computer stored in the load data memory 6 (steps 72 and 73) and calculates the value of a load index for each computer (step 74). Based on the load indexes of the computers, the execution computer selector 7 selects an execution computer with the smallest load index from the computers (step 75), and instructs the communication section 21 to send the processing request message to the selected computer (step 76). 1.4.1 Correction of Estimated Value In the estimated value correction step 72 of FIG. 4A, the correction is made based on data stored in the load data memory 6. More specifically, the corrected number of in-process job processing processes, Nri, and the corrected number of job processing processes existing in the CPU system, Pri, as current load data of a computer i, are calculated by the following formulas: Nri=w·Npi+(1-w)·Nei (4), where w is a weighing coefficient (w≦1.0) and is preferably about 0.8; and Pri=Pei+(Nri-Nei), when Nri≧Nei=Pei+(Nri/Nei), when Nri<Nei (5), The expression (5) corrects Pei estimated from the past sampling data using the relation between Nei estimated under the same conditions as this and Nri that is the most reliable corrected value representing the actual state. In this manner, a corrected value near the current true value can be obtained from the latest estimated value, based on the estimation that is carried out only at certain time intervals. 1.4.2 Calculation of Estimated Elongation Rate In the estimated elongation rate calculation step 73, the estimated elongation rate Bpi is determined from the next formula; Epi=X/(X-Pri·Pri), when Pri<Nri, =Nri+1.0, when Pri≧Nri (6), where X=Nri·(Pri+1). The estimated elongation rate Epi is stored in the column T5 of the table as shown in FIG. 3. The expression 6 is deduced from the relation established concerning the mean value of equilibrium states in one computer (one CPU) as shown in FIG. 2. The details will be described hereafter. It is assumed that transaction processing request messages arrive at a time interval following an exponential distribution, that is, according to a Poisson process. In addition, it is assumed that no queue will occur for disk device, that is, an infinite number of disk devices exist. Here, the number of in-process job processing processes, the number of job processing processes in the CPU system among them, and the CPU utilization are also assumed to be mean values, and all variables including them are shown with computer numbers and suffixes indicating estimated states omitted. For example, the number of in-process job processing processes is denoted by N, the number of job processing processes existing in the CPU system by P, the CPU utilization by R, and so on. Moreover, four kinds of symbols defined below are denoted with mean time per transaction:
Further, the mean number of input/output being executed at the request from the object computer are denoted by D(N=P+D). Referring to an expression (8.3) described in page 228 of the Prior Art 4, concerning mean values in equilibrium states, F=s(P+1)+d=sP+t (6.1) and since there is no queue for input/output, d/s=D/R (6.2) In addition, as known from the comparison of the expression (8.3) and an expression (8.1) described in page 228 of the Prior Art 4, P+1=1/(1-R), therefore, R=P/(1+P) (6.3). Substituting the expression (6.3) into the expression (6.2), using d=t-s and N=P+D, s=Pt/(P+D+PD)=Pt/(N(P+1)-P·P) (6.4). Further, substituting the expression (6.4) into the expression (6.1), F=P·Pt/(N(P+1)-P·P)+t=N(P+1)t/(N(P+1)-P·P)=Xt/(X-P·P) wherein, X═N(P+1). Therefore, the expression (6) of elongation rate E is deduced as follows: E=F/t=X/(X-P·P). The elongation rate E may also be represented using N and the CPU utilization R as follows: E=N(1-R)/(N(1-R)-R·R) (6.5). The expression (6.5) can be obtained by applying the expression (6.3) representing the relation of R and P to the expression (6), or by using the expression (6.2) and the expression (6.3) starting from the expression (8.1) (representing the processing time by using R) described in the Prior Art 4 (the description of deduction is omitted). However, as for R, since it seems that there is no correction means corresponding to the one performed by the expression (5), the present embodiment converts R into P and corrects the converted P. Even when the CPU utilization is measured in this embodiment, the expression (6) using N and P is used as the definitive elongation rate expression. Here, the expression (6) used to determine an estimated elongation rate in this embodiment is established in the case of the statistic equilibrium state of a system as described above, and if the equilibrium state continues for a certain time, the elongation rate can be estimated knowing the mean values of P and N during the time of the equilibrium state. Nei and Pei obtained from the expression (3) based on the history are considered to be used as the equilibrium mean values representing the actual state. However, as for N, an exact current value Npi is known. To reflect this in the position of dynamic load balancing, so in the aforementioned expression (4), the corrected value of N is obtained based on this principle. 1.4.3 Calculation of Predicted Elongation Rate Depending on a load index to be adopted, in addition to the actual estimated elongation rate Epi, a predicted elongation rate Eni is required in the case where an arrival message is scheduled for a computer i. There may be required only Eni. As in the case of Epi, Eni is also calculated in the stop 73 of FIG. 4A. If a predicted elongation rate Eni is required and the job characteristics of processing of an arrival message is not used, then Eni is calculated same as the expression (6), assuming that the number of transactions Nni after scheduling is Nri+w and the number of processes staying at the CPU is Pri+w. The calculated Eni is stored in the column T6 of the table as shown in FIG. 3. If job characteristics of processing of an arrival message can be estimated and is used, then the proportion C of CPU time to its net processing time (sum of time actually using resources such as CPU and file devices, in other words, processing time without resource conflict) is estimated depending on the kind of message or others. The Pni is estimated using the estimated proportion C according to the following calculation steps. Assuming that C1 is an estimated value of C of the job mix on the computer i before scheduling, the estimated value C1 corresponds to s/t in the expression (6.4), applying the corrected values of N and P to the expression (6.4), C1=Pri/(Nri·(1+Pri)-Pri·Pir) Assuming that C2 is an estimated value of C of the new job mix in the case where an arrival message of C=C0 is scheduled, Nri jobs having a mean value of C1 exist, and one job having a mean value of C0 is added thereto and the sum becomes Nni. Therefore, their mean becomes, C2=(Nri·C1 +C0)/Nni. From the expression (6.4), since s/t=P/(NP+N-P·P), applying this expression to the state after scheduling, and substituting Pni by y, because of s/t-Cz, the following relation is obtained: C2(Nni·y+Nni-y2)=y. Arranging this relation, the following quadratic equation is obtained: C2y2+(1-C2 ·Nni)y-C2 ·Nni=0 (7). By solving the equation (7) for y, an estimated value of Pni after scheduling can be obtained. Since the constant term is negative, both a positive solution and a negative solution are obtained. The positive solution is adopted as Pni. Then, Eni is calculated similarly to the expression (6) (referred to as Eki, hereinafter). 1.4.4 Elongation Rate The elongation rate of a processing time is defined as a ratio of the response time of a job processing process (a processing time including a queuing time) to the net processing time. An elongation rate Ei is a job processing process elongation rate at a computer i. In the case of all the computers providing the same processing speed, a processing process can be completed faster by a computer having a lower elongation rate and, therefore, the response time thereof can be reduced. An estimated elongation rate reflects program characteristics as group in operation (including not only the CPU use characteristic but also CPU-I/O use characteristic) in a job mix that is a group of processes in operation on the concerned computer. Moreover, there is a feature that the expression (6) is allowed to obtain an estimated elongation rate from only measurable data in operation without characteristics of individual jobs in operation. Although such a concept basically belongs to that of the Prior Art 4 and the expression 6 can be obtained by extending and transforming the expression 2, the present system can reflect the actual system state (job mix characteristics) and, moreover, improves the accuracy and dynamics by taking into consideration the total processing time (response time) including not only the time in the CPU system but also in the input/output devices. However, since the expression (6) is established based on a theory concerning balanced mean values, it cannot be said that a short-term state is estimated with 100% reliability. 1.4.5 Calculation of Load Index At the step 74 of FIG. 4A, the value of load index for each computer is calculated using the load data stored in T2 to T6. As shown in FIG. 5, eight kinds of load index, Lp1, Lp2, La1-La3, and Lk1-Lk3, can be conceived. In an actual system, one kind may be chosen among them. The value of load index is obtained using a corresponding expression described in a table as shown in FIG. 5, and the result is stored as estimated load in the column T7 of the table of FIG. 3. A computer with a smaller load index is more preferable as a destination computer. For the possible timing of load to be considered, there are timings before scheduling and after scheduling of an arrival message. A load index to be used before scheduling is denoted by "Lp". If it is after-scheduling timing, two cases are considered depending on whether the job characteristics of the arrival message are unknown (a load index is denoted by "La") or are able to be estimated (a load index is denoted by "Lk"). For each of these three cases, the elongation rate itself can be taken as load index (denoted as "Lx1"), or the estimated elongation rate multiplied by the number of in-process job processing processes Nri/Nni can also be taken as load index (denoted as "Lx2"), wherein x is p, a, or k. The latter denoted as "Lx2" means total sum of estimated elongation rates of individual transactions on the computer i. Further, from the viewpoint of load increase due to scheduling, it is possible to take an increment of the total sum before and after scheduling as load index (denote by "Lx3"). The selection of smallest increment of elongation rate leads to the selection of smallest increase of the system-wide total sum of response times due to the scheduling, resulting in that the minimization of overall mean response time can be expected. If the job characteristics of an arrival message can be estimated with a good considerable precision, then the adoption of Lk3, based on theory, allows expecting the best results. If good precision of job characteristics estimation can not be expected, the selection of Lk3 is not preferable, and it is better to adopt La2 from the point of smallest mean response time. The correction of estimated value (step 72), the calculation of estimated elongation rate (step 73) and the load index calculation (step 74) are repeatedly performed for all computers that can process the arrival message. The estimated load indexes obtained by repeating the steps 72-74 are stored in the column T7 of the table as shown in FIG. 3. 1.4.6 Decision of Destination Computer At the step 75 in FIG. 4A, the column T7 of the table as shown in FIG. 3 storing the estimated load indexes of the computers is searched for the smallest estimated load. A computer with the smallest estimated load is selected as the destination computer to be put in charge of processing the arrival message. Then, the execution computer selector 7 instructs the communication section 21 to send the arrival message to the selected computer i, which is prompted to start the processing. 1.5 Advantages The first embodiment as described above provides the centralized load balancing control. More specifically, according to the first embodiment, the load balancing device 2 manages the load data of all the computers in real time and receives all processing request messages directly from terminals. When receiving a processing request message, the load balancing device 2 calculates the elongation rates and load indexes of the computers based on the previously received load data thereof and selects a computer with the smallest load index value as a destination computer to request the selected computer to process the processing request message. In this manner, the centralized load balancing control can be implemented, resulting in improved load balancing with reduced overhead. Second Embodiment Now, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail. 2.1 System Configuration Referring to FIG. 6, the second embodiment of the present invention is different, as for the composition, from the first embodiment in that the terminal devices of the terminal group 5 are connected directly to the computers 1.1 through 1.n via the communication network 51 without the load balancing device 2 and that a switch and storage fabric 10 is connected to the computers 1.1 through 1.n. Since the load balancing device 2 is removed, a computer 1.i includes a load data memory 6.i, an execution computer selector 7.i and load data measurement section 8.i in addition to the load data measurement section 1.i1, the transaction processing section 1.i2 and the communication section 1.i3. These respective sections may be realized by running respective ones of programs stored in a recoding media (not shown) as in the first embodiment. A single transaction is processed as described below. A transaction processing request message addressed to a certain computer is sent from a terminal device belonging to the terminal group 5, and is received by the computer via the communication network 51. The computer, when receiving the transaction processing request message, determines whether to process that message by itself or to transfer it to another computer. When determined to transfer it to another computer, it is further determined which one of the other computers is to be selected as a destination computer. When the destination computer is determined, the arrival transaction processing request message is transferred to the destination computer through the switch and storage fabric 10. The destination computer to be put in charge of processing the message executes the transaction processing of the request, produces a response message, and sends it back to the request originating terminal. More specifically, the load data measurement section 1.i1 on the computer 1.i periodically measures the load of the computer 1.i and the measured load data is processed by the load data measurement section 8.i. The processed load data is stored as estimated data in the load data memory 6.i, and at the same time, sends the estimated data to all other computers through the switch and storage fabric 10. Moreover, the computers exchange notifications of the start and termination of transaction processing with each other via the switch and storage fabric 10. In this manner, the latest load data of all computers are stored in the load data memory 6.i of each computer. The execution computer selector 7.i receives a processing request message from a terminal and calculates the estimated elongation rate of each computer using estimated load data stored in the load data memory 6.i. Based on the estimated elongation rates of the computers, as described before, the execution computer selector 7.i determines an execution computer to be put in charge of processing the processing request message received from the terminal. If it is determined that the computer i is put in charge of processing the processing request message, then the processing request message is transferred to the transaction processing section 1.i2. If it is determined that another computer x is put in charge of processing the processing request message, then the processing request message is sent to the destination computer x via the switch and storage fabric 10. When the computer x has received the processing request message, the transaction processing section 1.x2 allocates the job processing process under its own control to the received processing request message, and performs the processing. The job processing process repeatedly uses the CPU and accesses the files on the file device group 4 for program execution, produces a response message when the processing is terminated, and sends it to the request originating terminal through the communication network 51. 2.2 Operation Next, an operation of the second embodiment will be described in detail. In FIG. 6, the operation of the transaction processing section 1.i2 is the same as that of the first embodiment except that a processing request message is received directly from a terminal or from the other computer. Load data to be managed is also the same as that of the first embodiment as shown in FIG. 3, and the load data for all computers are retained in the load data memory 6.i on each computer i. The load data measurement section 1.i1 on the computer 1.i measures periodically, as load data of the computer 1.i, the number of job processes, Pi, in the CPU system or the CPU utilization Ri, and the number of in process job processing processes. Ni, at that moment. Then the load data measurement section 8.i processes them, determines Pei or Rei and Nei as estimated data, calculates Pei from Rei in the case of the R method, and stores Nei in the column T3 and Pei in the column T4 for a computer number i. At the same time, values of Nei and Pei are sent to all other computers via the switch and storage fabric 10 and the contents of the load data memory 6.x are updated. The calculation method of estimated data is identical to that of the first embodiment. Besides, the load data measurement section 8.i updates the actual number of in-process transactions Npi on the computer 1.i (stored in column T2 in the table of FIG. 3) upon the reception of notification of transaction processing start and transaction processing termination on the computer 1.i from the transaction processing section 1i2 and, at the same time, sends it to all other computers through the switch and storage fabric 10 so as to make all the other computers update the contents of the load data memory 6.x. 2.3 Selection of Execution Computer Referring to FIG. 4B, the execution computer selector 7.i is started on the computer 1.i at which a processing request message arrives from a terminal (step 71). The execution computer selector 7.i calculates an estimated elongation rate of each computer from the load data of the computers stored in the load data memory 6.i (steps 72 and 73) and then calculates the value of load index (step 74) as described before. Thereafter, the execution computer selector 7.i determines based on the load indexes whether the arrival message is to be processed by its own computer 1.i (step 751). If it is determined that it is not to be processed by its own computer (NO at step 751), then a destination computer with smallest load index is selected as an execution computer (step 75), and then the message is sent to the destination computer through the switch and storage fabric 10 so as to make the destination computer perform the processing (step 76). If it is determined that it is to be processed by its own computer (YES at step 751), then the execution computer selector 7.i selects itself (step 752) and performs the processing (step 76). The correction of estimated value (step 72), the calculation of estimated elongation rate (step 73) and the load index calculation (step 74) are repeatedly performed for all computers that are able to process the arrived message. The estimated load indexes obtained by repeating the steps 72-74 are stored in the column T7 of the table as shown in FIG. 3. The execution computer selector 7.x according to the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in the decision step 751 and the self-selection step 752. At the decision step 751, it is determined whether an actual estimated elongation rate Epi of its own computer is equal to or lower than a predetermined threshold (preferably it is relatively small of the order of 1.3). If it is equal to or lower than the predetermined threshold, then it is determined that the arrival message is processed by its own computer. Otherwise, when the estimated load of its own computer is not the smallest one among the computers, in other words, another computer with smallest estimated load exists in the column T7 of the table stored in the load data memory 6.i, if the difference between the estimated load of its own computer and the smallest estimated load of the other computer is sufficiently small, then it is determined that the arrival message is processed by its own computer. The judgment of difference magnitude depends on the predetermined threshold. In the case where any of six kinds other than the increment of total sum of elongation rates is adopted as load index, it is preferable that the difference judgment relies on the multiple threshold, preferably, 1.3 to about 1.5. For example, if Epi of its own computer is equal to or lower than 1.3-times Epj of a computer j with smallest Ep, then it is determined that the arrival message is processed by its own computer. In the case where the increment of total sum of elongation rates is adopted as load index, it is preferable to judge whether the difference of load indexes between two computers divided by the number of all transactions in the system exceeds the predetermined threshold. In other words, the judgment depends on the magnitude of increment of mean elongation rate of all transactions in execution. In this case, the threshold is preferably about 0.02. Here, the threshold is preferably high if the load measurement interval is long. The reason is that it is preferable to select a safe side where transaction transfers are less frequent because the estimated value is less reliable if the measurement interval is long. In this embodiment, the processing execution by the origin computer at which the message arrived from the terminal is privileged because the transfer to another computer charges overhead to both the source and destination computers, and brings delay to the processing time of the object transaction itself. If the decision step using the predetermined threshold is removed, then almost all arrival transaction processing messages are most likely to be transferred to another computer. If it is determined that the arrival message is processed by its own computer (YES at step 751), the arrival message is transferred to the transaction processing section 1.i2, so that the message is processed. If it is determined that the arrival message is not processed by its own computer (NO at step 751), the column T7 of the table as shown in FIG. 3 storing the estimated load indexes of the computers is searched for the smallest estimated load. A computer j with the smallest estimated load is selected as the destination computer to be put in charge of processing the arrival message. Then, the execution computer selector 7.i instructs the communication section 1.i3 to send the arrival message to the selected computer j to prompt the transaction processing section 1.j2 of the selected computer j to prompt to start the processing. As described above, the load data memory 6.x of the computers 1.x has the identical contents, and each of the computers measures and calculates load data concerning itself and then sends its own load data to all other computers through the switch and storage fabric 10. However, if the switch and storage fabric 10 is provided with a sufficient capacity storage device as fast as main memory, then a part of the load data stored in the load data memory 6.x may also be stored and held on the switch and storage fabric 10 to allow the load data to be shared by the whole system. From the viewpoint of load data updating overhead, this composition is more preferable. For example, the data stored in the columns T1 to T4 of the table as shown in FIG. 3 are held by the switch and storage fabric 10, and each computer may calculate estimated elongation rate, estimated load, or the like based on data extracted from the switch and storage fabric 10, and decide an execution computer to execute the processing. Moreover, if it is determined that the arrival message is processed by another computer, it may also be so composed to store the arrival message in the switch and storage fabric and send only a request notification to the destination computer in place of sending the message itself directly. In this case, the destination computer can take the message itself out from the switch and storage fabric 10 at its convenience asynchronous to the request notification. 2.4 Advantages According to the second embodiment, there is no need of the load balancing device 2 as shown in FIG. 1. Therefore, the whole system can be composed at low cost. Although load balancing according to the centralized control is impossible, a relatively high performance in load balancing can be achieved under the distributed control by calculating the elongation rate at a computer at which a processing request arrived from a terminal based on the load state data obtained by this computer and the other computers, selecting an execution computer at that moment considering also the transfer overhead, and executing the processing of the arrival message on the selected computer. Graphs as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 are simulation results of the effect of load balancing under the distributed control according to the second embodiment. Here, assuming two kinds of transaction, one whose proportion of CPU time to the net processing time (450 milliseconds) is 5% on average and the other 60% on average, the arrival proportion between 5%-CPU-time transactions and 60%-CPU-time transactions is 7:3. It is further assumed that eight computers are provided, at which transactions randomly arrive, resulting in an equal arrival rate on average at each computer. The horizontal axis of FIG. 8 indicates a load rate in proportion to the arrival rate and the vertical axis thereof indicates a mean response time (millisecond). The horizontal axis of FIG. 9 indicates a load rate in proportion to the arrival rate and the vertical axis thereof indicates variations in response times (standard deviation). Respective curbs in FIGS. 8 and 9 correspond to load balancing methods, in which ones shown by solid lines are associated with the second embodiment and other ones shown by dotted lines with a third embodiment as described later. NC method processes arrival transactions without load balancing. MPL method is dynamic load balancing control taking the actual number of in-process transactions as a load index. In the MPL method, if there is a computer having a load index smaller than that of the arrival computer by 2 or more, then the arrival transaction is transferred to the computer having the smallest load index, in which the transaction is processed. La2 and Lk3 correspond to the dynamic load balancing control using the load index based on the estimated elongation rate according to the second embodiment. These results teach that, concerning the mean response time, the dynamic control is significantly better than the NC method which is optimal for static stochastic load balancing and particularly show that the method based on the estimated elongation rate is more excellent than methods based on the number of in-process transactions used in the prior art, and further teach that the similar trend is more remarkably in variations in the response time. Such an advantage of the second embodiment is brought to the fore when the load rate is high. Third Embodiment A third embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 7-9. 3.1 System Configuration As shown in FIG. 7, the third embodiment of the present invention is different in system configuration from the second embodiment. In the third embodiment, an interim load balancing device 25 is provided, through which the terminal group 5 is connected to each of the computers 1.1-1.n. A single transaction is processed as described below. A transaction processing, request message is sent from a terminal device belonging to the terminal group 5, and is received by the interim load balancing device 25 via the communication network 51. The interim load balancing device 25, when receiving the transaction processing request message, determines an interim destination computer according to static/quasi-static decision scheme or without using dynamic information in the dynamic load balancing control. The details of the static/quasi-static decision scheme will be described later. When the interim destination computer is determined, the interim load balancing device 25 sends the arrival message to the interim destination computer. When receiving the message from the interim load balancing device 25, the computer determines whether to process that message by itself or to transfer it to another computer. When determined to transfer it to another computer, it is further determined which one of the other computers is to be selected as a final destination computer. When the final destination computer is determined, the arrival transaction processing request message is transferred to the final destination computer through the switch and storage fabric 10. The final destination computer to be put in charge of processing the message executes the transaction processing of the request, produces a response message, and sends it back to the request originating terminal through the interim load balancing device 25. 3.2 Interim Load Balancing Similarly to the load balancing device 2 of the first embodiment (see FIG. 1), the interim load balancing device 25 receives all processing request messages from the terminal group 5, determines an interim destination computer according to the static/quasi-static interim load balancing scheme, and sends an arrival message to the interim destination computer. Three kinds of static/quasi-static interim load balancing scheme are supposed as follows: Among the three methods, one or more is selected or combined. Other load balancing methods achieving a reduced collection of load data of computers and a low execution overhead may be adopted. (1) Distribution Based on Terminal Grouping: In the distribution based on terminal grouping, an interim destination computer is fixedly determined depending on which group a message-originating terminal belongs to. More specifically, the terminal group 5 is previously divided into a plurality of subgroups each associated with the computers 1.1-1.n. For example, a message originating from a first subgroup is processed by the computer 1.1, a message originating from a second subgroup is processed by the computer 1.2, and so on. In this way, an interim destination is uniquely decided according to a message-originating subgroup. Although this method is almost same as the second embodiment, this method can intensively manage a correspondence between the terminal subgroups and the computers at the interim load balancing device 25 and therefore it is easy to revise the grouping for better load balance in the long term, for example, at each system start-up, based on past data. (2) Round Distribution in the Arrival Order: In the round distribution in the arrival order, for example, the message arriving first at the interim load balancing device 25 is distributed to the computer 1.1, and the next to the computer 1.2, and so on. A message following the message distributed to the last computer 1.n is distributed again to the first computer 1.1, thus going round. Particularly, in the case where job characteristics of most of messages belong to the same class, the load balancing effect can be also expected even in the short term. (3) Stochastic Distribution Based on Past Data: In the stochastic distribution based on past data, the proportion of the number of messages to be distributed is set for each computer, and this distribution proportion is kept even in the short term. Load data is received periodically from each computer, such as every 1 sec or 10 sec, and if loads are imbalanced, then the distribution proportion to individual computers is increased/reduced to balance, and thereafter, the distribution is performed based on this updated distribution proportion. The operations of the transaction processing section 1.x2 and the contents of the load data memory 6.x on the computer 1.x as shown in FIG. 7 are the same as those in the second embodiment. The load data measurement section 1.x1 and the load data measurement section 8.x on the computer 1.x also operate as in the case of the second embodiment. However, in addition to that, the load data measurement section 8.x sends the summary of load data to the interim load balancing device 25 at intervals of 1 sec, 10 sec or others, in the case where the interim load balancing device 25 adopts the aforementioned distribution method (3). The operation of the execution computer selector 7.x of the third embodiment is the same as in the second embodiment, and is illustrated by the flow chart of FIG. 4B. As described above, the load data memory 6.x of the computers 1.x h as the identical contents, and each of the computers measures and calculates load data concerning itself and then sends its own load data to all other computers through the switch and storage fabric 10. However, if the switch and storage fabric 10 is provided with a sufficient capacity storage device as fast as main memory, then a part of the load data stored in the load data memory 6.x may also be stored and held on the switch and storage fabric 10 to allow the load data to be shared by the system. From the viewpoint of load data updating overhead, this composition is more preferable. Moreover, if it is determined that the arrival message is processed by another computer, it may also be so composed to store the arrival message in the switch and storage fabric and send only a request notification to the destination computer in place of sending the message itself directly. In this case, the destination computer can take the message itself out from the switch and storage fabric 10 at its convenience asynchronous to the request notification. 3.3 Advantages According to the third embodiment, the interim load balancing device 25 has a relatively simple function as described above. Therefore, the amount of data to be collected from the computers and the data collection frequency can be reduced, resulting in improved utilization efficiency of the network and further reduction in cost. Furthermore, the interim destination computer is determined and then the arrival message is transferred to the interim destination computer. Accordingly, the response performance such as mean and variations can be improved and the message transfer frequency from the interim destination computer to a final destination computer can be substantially reduced, compared with the case where the interim load balancing device 25 is not provided. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, respective curbs shown by dotted lines are associated with the third embodiment. In R—NC method, the round distribution in the arrival order (2) is performed as interim load balancing and thereafter the interim destination computer processes arrival transactions without load balancing. In R—Lk3 method, the round distribution in the arrival order (2) is performed as interim load balancing and thereafter the interim destination computer performs the dynamic load balancing control taking Lk3 in FIG. 5 the actual number of in-process transactions as a load index. These results teach that the quasi-static load balancing control significantly improve the response performance, compared with the static load balancing NC method and particularly show that a combination of the quasi-static load balancing method and the method using the estimated elongation rate further improves the response performance, compared with the second embodiment. ADVANTAGES OF INVENTION According to the present invention, the dynamic distribution of processing requests is performed using a novel load index obtained from the elongation rate of computer processing time. In other words, the processing time elongation rate, as a basic performance index, reflects the program characteristics (including not only CPU characteristics but also CPU-I/O use characteristics) as a group of in-operation processes in a job mix. Therefore, as basic performance idex, the processing time elongation rate is most suitable for interactive processing and has a wide applicability. Accordingly, the improved load balancing among computers can be achieved even in the short term, and the mean and variation of response times can be kept small as the whole. Moreover, according to the present invention, the load balancing can be realized based on the elongation rate of computer processing time, which can be obtained from only data observable during operation, such as the number of in-process transactions at each computer at certain time intervals, the number of job processing processes staying in the CPU system, and the CPU utilization. Therefore, the elongation time-based load balancing control can be achieved using only the observable load data with reduced overhead without apriori knowledge concerning job characteristics of individual processing requests. Additionally, the load state of each computer is estimated using comprehensively a series of load data measured periodically. The current number of in-process transactions at each computer can be grasped at all times according to the transaction processing start/end notification of the computer. Since the estimated load data is corrected using this current number of in-process transactions, the estimation precision of estimated load can be increased. Consequently, the elongation rate estimation accuracy and the load balancing accuracy can further be improved. Further, the load index of each computer can use the following data; the estimated elongation rate itself; the total estimated elongation rate before or after allocating a newly arrived transaction to a computer (the estimated elongation rate of processing time in the concerned computer multiplied by the number of in-process transactions at the concerned computer); or the difference between the total estimated elongation rate after allocating the arrival transaction to the concerned computer and the total estimated elongation rate before the allocation. Accordingly, the load can be balanced based on a load index representing load level of individual computers or of the whole system, and not only the minimization of processing time of individual transactions themselves but also the optimization of whole the system taking into consideration the effect of that allocation on the others can be realized. The present invention can be equally applicable to a system designed to distribute intensively and dynamically individual processing requests to the computers or to a system designed such that, after the static/quasi-static load balancing control, an interim destination computer can perform the processing by itself or transfer the processing request message to another computer with lighter load.
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