Text searching system

Abstract

An apparatus for searching a collection of words based upon an input word, the apparatus including means for generating a first set of words containing members that are lexically related to the input word, the first set of words including words that are other than regular inflectional nouns; and also including a search engine for searching the collection of words to detect the occurrence of any of the words from a group of search words, the group of search words including the input word and the first set of words.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A computer apparatus for searching a collection of words based upon an input word, said computer apparatus comprising:

a generating means for generating a first set of words containing members that are lexically related to the input word, said first set of words including words that are both regular inflectional nouns and words that are other than regular inflectional nouns, the generating means including

a recognition engine for finding at least one linguistic stem within said input word and identifying at least one suffix attached to each said linguistic stem,

generating members of said first set of words by stripping from said input word suffixes selected from a first group of suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when stripped therefrom, and

performing inflectional and derivational analysis upon said input word by generating all inflections and derivations that can be generated from said linguistic stems by the addition of one suffix wherein said derivational analysis employs at least three derivational suffixes; and

a search engine for searching said collection of words to detect the occurrence of words from a group of search words, said group of search words comprising the input word and said first set of words.

2. The computer apparatus of claim 1 wherein said first set of words further includes words that are both regular inflectional verbs and words that are other than and regular inflectional verbs.

3. The computer apparatus of claim 1 wherein said generating means is a morphological analyzer.

4. The computer apparatus of claim 3 wherein said recognition engine generates a derivational history including information about any parses that were successfully performed by said recognition engine on said input word.

5. The computer apparatus of claim 4 wherein said derivational history contains, for each successful parse of the input word, the part of speech of the input word for that particular parse.

6. The computer apparatus of claim 3 wherein said morphological analyzer comprises a recognition engine for finding the linguistic stem within said input word by proceeding through the input word from the beginning of the input word and selecting successively longer sequences of characters from the input word, starting with at least the first character of the input word, and comparing the successive sequences of characters to stems stored in a stem lexicon and then identifying suffixes attached to each said linguistic stem by selecting sequences of characters of the input word following the linguistic stem and comparing each selected sequence of characters following the linguistic stem to suffixes stored in a suffix lexicon.

7. The computer apparatus of claim 3 wherein said morphological analyzer further comprises a means for generating a second set of words that are lexically related to selected members of said group of synonyms, said selected members of said group of synonyms being members of said group of synonyms which have linguistic stems and suffixes which allow the affixing of further suffixes.

8. The computer apparatus of claim 7 wherein said means for generating a second set of words generates said second set of words based upon information supplied by said recognition engine for the input word, the information supplied by said recognition engine include, for each parsing of said input word, a linguistic stem, an identification of each suffix attached to said linguistic stem, and a part of speech of the input word for the parse of the input word and the recognition engine using the linguistic stem, suffixes and part of speech for each parse to select said selected members of said group of synonyms.

9. The computer apparatus of claim 7 wherein said group of search words further comprises said second set of words.

10. The computer apparatus of claim 1 wherein said collection of words is an index wherein the index is a group of words not comprising a text.

11. The computer apparatus of claim 1 wherein said collection of words is a text.

12. The computer apparatus of claim 1 wherein said first group of suffixes includes members selected from a first subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ious, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, #ize, +ify, and #y.

13. The computer apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a thesaurus database and wherein said generating means uses said thesaurus database to generate a group of synonyms, the members of said group of synonyms being synonyms of members of said first set of lexically related words.

14. The computer apparatus of claim 13 wherein said group of search words further comprises the group of synonyms.

15. The computer apparatus of claim 13, wherein said generating means generates a second group of words from members of said group of synonyms which have linguistic stems and suffixes which allow the affixing of further suffixes by adding to said members of said group said further suffixes which are selected from a second group of suffixes wherein the members of said second group of suffixes include only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when added thereto.

16. The computer apparatus of claim 15 wherein said group of search words further comprises the second group of words.

17. The computer apparatus of claim 15 wherein said second group of suffixes includes members selected from a subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, and #y.

18. A computer apparatus comprising a subject expansion system for expanding an input word into a plurality of related words, the computer apparatus comprising:

a means for receiving the input word; and

a generating means for generating a first group of words from the input word,

wherein said generating means generates at least some of said first group of words by stripping from said input word only suffixes selected from a first group of suffixes, the members of said first group of suffixes including only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when stripped therefrom, and includes

a recognition engine for finding all linguistic stems within said input word and performing inflectional and derivational analysis upon said input word by generating all inflections and derivations that can be generated from said linguistic stems by the addition of one suffix wherein said derivational analysis employs at least three derivational suffixes.

19. The computer apparatus of claim 18 wherein said first group of suffixes includes inflectional and derivational suffixes.

20. The computer apparatus of claim 19 wherein said first group of suffixes includes members selected from a first subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, #ize, +ify, +fy, and #y.

21. The computer apparatus of claim 18 wherein said generating means generates at least one of said first group of words by adding to words derived from said input word by stripping suffixes from said input word only those suffixes which are selected from a second group of suffices, the members of said second group of suffixes including only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when added thereto.

22. The computer apparatus of claim 21 wherein said second group of suffixes includes inflectional and derivational suffixes.

23. The computer apparatus of claim 22 wherein said first group of suffixes includes members selected from a first subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, #ize, +ify, +fy, and #y.

24. The computer apparatus of claim 18 further comprising a thesaurus database and wherein said generating means indexes said thesaurus database with members of said first group of words to read from said thesaurus database synonyms corresponding to members of said first group of words having synonyms in said thesaurus database to generate a group of synonyms comprised of said synonyms read from said thesaurus database, the members of said group of synonyms being synonyms of certain members of said first group of words which have said synonyms in said thesaurus database.

25. The computer apparatus of claim 24 wherein said generating means expands said group of words by adding to selected members of said group of synonyms only those suffixes which are selected from a second group of suffixes, wherein said selected members of said group of synonyms are those members of said group of synonyms which have linguistic stems and suffixes allowing the affixing of further suffixes and said second group of suffixes including only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of word when added thereto.

26. The computer apparatus of claim 25 wherein said second group of suffixes includes inflectional and derivational suffixes.

27. The computer apparatus of claim 26 wherein said first group of suffixes includes members selected from a first subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, #ize, +ify, +fy, and #y.

28. The computer apparatus of claim 18 wherein said generating means comprises a morphological analyzer.

29. The computer apparatus of claim 28 wherein said morphological analyzer comprises said recognition engine for generating a base history for said input word, said base history identifying one or more base words for said input word, said one or more base words representing the input word with one or more suffixes removed.

30. The computer apparatus of claim 29 wherein said recognition engine comprises:

a means for finding a linguistic stem within said input word; and

a means for identifying suffixes attached to said linguistic stem, wherein said stem finding means and said suffix identifying means cooperate to conduct morphological analysis of the input word from the root to the affix.

31. A computer apparatus for generating a group of words from an input word, said computer comprising:

means for removing suffixes from said input word to generate at least one base word;

a thesaurus means adapted to receive said one or more base words and generate a group of synonyms for certain of said at least one base word; and

a generating means comprising a recognition engine for generating a base history for said input word, said base history identifying said one or more base words, said generating means including

a means for finding a linguistic stem within said input word,

a means for identifying suffixes attached to said linguistic stem, wherein said linguistic stem finding means and suffix identifying means cooperate to conduct morphological analysis of the input word from a root to an affix, and

a means for performing inflectional and derivational analysis by generating all inflections and derivations than can be generated from said linguistic stems by the addition of one suffix wherein said derivational analysis employs at least three derivational suffixes.

32. The computer apparatus of claim 31 wherein said generating means further comprises a generation engine for generating a second set of words containing members that are lexically related to selected members of said group of synonyms, said selected members of said group of synonyms comprising the synonyms of said group of synonyms which have lingusitic stems and suffixes which allow the affixing of further suffixes.

33. The computer apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a selection means for selecting members of said group of synonyms to identify said selected members of said second group of words by identifying said synonyms of said group of synonyms which have linguistic stems and suffixes which allow the affixing of further suffixes.

34. A computer-implemented method for generating a collection of words from an input word, said method comprising:

generating, by means of a generating engine, a first set of words containing members that are lexically related to the input word, said first set of words including words that are both regular inflectional nouns and words that are other than regular inflectional nouns, by operation of a recognition engine

stripping from said input word only suffixes selected from a first group of suffixes, the members of said first group of suffixes including only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when stripped therefrom; and

generating, by operation of the generating engine, a second set of words that are lexically related to the input word, said second set of words including words that are both regular inflectional nouns and words that are other than regular inflectional nouns by

finding at least one linguistic stem within said input word,

identifying suffixes attached to each said linguistic stem, and

by operation of the recognition engine, performing inflectional and derivational analysis by generating all inflections and derivations than can be generated from said linguistic stems by the addition of one suffix wherein said derivational analysis employs at least three derivational suffixes.

35. The method of claim 34 for generating a collection of words from an input word further comprising the steps of:

stripping said suffixes from said input word to generate one or more base words; and

generating a group of synonyms for certain of said one or more base words by indexing a thesaurus database with said certain of said one or more base words and reading corresponding synonyms from said thesaurus database to comprise said group of synonyms.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to morphological analyzers and to text management systems.

Each year organizations spend countless hours searching through documents and images, organizing filing systems and databases. Even with large information retrieval systems, considerable resources are needed to index documents, guess which key words will locate needed information, search through pages one query at a time, and sort through all the irrelevant data that the search actually yields.

A number of studies evaluating large information retrieval systems show that these systems are retrieving less than 20 percent of the documents relevant to a particular search, and at that the same time only 30 percent of the retrieved information is actually relevant to the intended meaning of the search request. One of the key reasons for poor retrieval results is that the people who perform retrieval only know the general topics of their interest and do not know the exact words used in the texts or in the keyword descriptors used to index the documents.

Another study analyzed how long it would take to index 5000 reports. It was assumed that each user was allowed 10 minutes to review each report, make indexing decisions by selecting the keywords, and record the information. At this rate, it would take 833 hours or 21 weeks for one full-time person (at 40 hours per week) to process the documents. The users would also need extra time to verify and correct the data. Under such an approach, the user must index incoming documents on a daily basis to keep the system from falling hopelessly behind. In addition, since the user chooses the relevant search terms, all unspecified terms are eliminated for search purposes. This creates a significant risk that documents containing pertinent information may not show up during a search because of the user's subjective judgments in selecting keywords.

Many text retrieval systems utilize index files which contain words in the documents with the location within the documents for each word. The indexes provide significant advantages in the speed of retrieval. One major disadvantage of this approach is that for most of the systems the overhead of the index is 50 to 100 percent of the document database. This means that a 100 Mbyte document database will require an index ranging from 50 to 100 Mbytes. This adds mass storage costs and overhead to the system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, in one aspect, the invention is an apparatus for searching a collection of words based upon an input word. The apparatus includes means for generating a first set of words containing members that are lexically related to the input word, the first set of words including words that are other than regular inflectional nouns; and it includes a search engine for searching the collection of words to detect the occurrence of any of the words from a group of search words, the group of search words including the input word and the first set of words.

Preferred embodiments include the following features. The set of words includes words that are other than regular inflectional nouns and regular inflectional verbs. The generation means is a morphological analyzer. The collection of words is an index or text. The generating means generates certain members of the first set of words by stripping from the input word only suffixes selected from a first group of suffixes. The members of the first group of suffixes include only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when stripped therefrom. The first group of suffixes includes members selected from a first subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, #ize, +ify, +fy, and #y. The morphological analyzer also includes a recognition engine for recognizing the input word and returning derivational information about the recognized input word. The recognition engine operates by parsing the input word to identify any stems within the input word and, for each identified stem, to identify suffixes which are added to produce the input word. The recognition engine returns a derivational history including information about any parses that were successfully performed by the recognition engine on the input word. The derivational history contains, for each successful parse of the input word, the part of speech of the input word for that particular parse.

Also in preferred embodiments, the recognition engine operates by finding a stem within the input word and then identifying suffixes attached to that stem. The recognition engine proceeds through the input word from the root to the affix and performs inflectional and derivational analysis, wherein the derivational analysis uses more than two derivational suffixes. The apparatus also includes a thesaurus database which the generating means uses to generate a group of synonyms, the members of the group of synonyms being synonyms of certain members of the first set of lexically related words. The group of search words includes the group of synonyms. The generating means generates a second group of words from selected members of the group of synonyms by adding only those suffixes to selected members of said group of synonyms which are selected from a second group of suffixes. The group of search words also includes the second group of words. The second group of suffixes includes only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when added thereto. More specifically, the second group of suffixes includes members selected from a second subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, + ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, and #y.

In addition, in preferred embodiments the morphological analyzer includes a generation engine for generating a second set of words that are lexically related to selected members of the group of synonyms. The generation engine generates the second set of words based upon information supplied by the recognition engine for the input word. The group of search words further includes the second set of words thus generated. There is also a selection means for selecting members of the group of synonyms to identify the selected members.

In general, in another aspect, the invention is a subject expansion system for expanding an input word into a plurality of related words. The system includes means for receiving the input word; and means for generating a first group of words from the input word, wherein the generating means generates at least some of the first group of words by subtracting only suffixes selected from a first group of suffixes, the members of the first group of suffixes including only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when stripped therefrom.

Preferred embodiments include the following features. The first group of suffixes includes inflectional and derivational suffixes. More specifically, the first group of suffixes includes members selected from a first subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, #ize, +ify, +fy, and #y. The generating means generates at least some of the first group of words by adding to words derived from the input word only those suffixes which are selected from a second group of suffixes. The second group of suffixes including only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when added thereto. The second group of suffixes includes inflectional and derivational suffixes. More specifically, the second group of suffixes includes members selected from a second subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, and #y.

Also in preferred embodiments, the subject expansion system includes a thesaurus database which the generating means uses to generate a group of synonyms which includes among its members synonyms of certain members of the first group of words. The generating means expands the group of synonyms into a larger group of words by adding to selected members of the group of synonyms only those suffixes which are selected from a second group of suffixes. The second group of suffixes includes only those suffixes which do not substantially change the meaning of words when added thereto. The second group of suffixes includes inflectional and derivational suffixes. More specifically, it includes members selected from a second subset containing all inflectional suffixes, #ful, #ish, +ous, +ic, +al, #ar, #er, #or, +ive, +ory, #able, +able, +ible, #ment, #ness, +ity, +ety, +ty, #ly, and #y.

In general, in yet another aspect, the invention is a subject expansion system for generating a group of words from an input word. The system includes means for removing suffixes from the input word to generate one or more base words; and a thesaurus means adapted to receive the one or more base words and generate a group of synonyms for certain of them.

Preferred embodiments include the following features. The generating means includes a recognition engine for generating a base history for the input word, wherein the base history identifies those one or more base words. The recognition engine includes means for finding a stem within the input word; and means for identifying suffixes attached to that stem. The stem finding means and suffix identifying means cooperate to conduct morphological analysis of the input word from the root to the affix. The recognition engine performs inflectional and derivational analysis, wherein said derivational analysis employs more than two derivational suffixes. The generating means also includes a generation engine for generating a second set of words containing members that are lexically related to selected members of the group of synonyms. The apparatus also includes a selection means for selecting members of the group of synonyms to identify the selected members.

One advantage of the invention is that it is capable of performing full inflectional and derivational analysis of an input word. Also, the invention is capable of recognizing multiple suffixes that are attached to a stem word to produce the input word.

Another advantage of the invention is that it substantially improves the completeness of results in document and/or text searches. Furthermore, the invention automatically expands keywords in a search to include lexically related words, synonyms of certain of said lexically related words, and words that are lexically related to the synonyms. In addition, the invention gives a user the ability to search text and other documents for concepts without knowing the exact form in which the concepts are discussed. Furthermore, the invention is capable of analyzing and expanding a keyword to include synonyms even when the keyword is not in a thesaurus by generating lexically related words by stripping suffixes from a keyboard to create new base words and by adding suffixes to the new base words.

Another advantage of the invention is that it can be used to substantially reduce this overhead in document indexing by identifying the words that are important to the content of the document and generating an index containing this subset of words. This not only saves disk space but also processing time, since the search operations can be performed on a much smaller index. The invention generates a list of topic words from text, each of which is informative about the content of the text, and it excludes words from text that do not convey much information. Using linguistic information to perform this task provides several principled ways of distinguishing words with high information content from words with low information content.

Another advantage is that the invention helps eliminate additional redundancy in an index of concepts found within text by identifying words that are related by inflection or derivation (e.g., "category" and "categories," "subject," "subjects," and "subjectness"). Instead of representing each instance of a word that differs slightly from previous instances, a base of the word is stored and used to represent all forms that can be derived from it. Thus, for example, "category" may be stored once in the list and it can represent "category," "categories," and even "categorical." This greatly reduces the storage required for indexes to text.

The filtering procedures described in this application were applied to a number of text samples for evaluation, including a 153-word paragraph from a linguistics article, a 447-word financial memo, and a page from a functional specification containing 550 words. The resulting lists for these three contained 23%, 25%, and 17% of the words in the original text, respectively. The results obtained by testing other text samples were consistent with these numbers. The filtering mechanisms of the invention can identify 75% to 80% of the text as irrelevant to the topic of the text.

Other advantages and features will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a morphological analyzer and a lexicon.

FIG. 2 is a base history for `fish`;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an indexing system which includes an intelligent filter;

FIGS. 4a-e present a pseudo-code description of the operation of the intelligent filter;

FIG. 5 is a topic data structure used by the intelligent filter to pass topic information back to the application;

FIG. 6 illustrates the use of the intelligent filter to analyze text, one block at a time;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a text searching system including a subject expansion module;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the subject expansion module shown in FIG. 7;

FIGS. 9a-b present a pseudo-code description of the operation of SESrecword;

FIG. 10 is an information object which is a member of the information list data structure created by SESrecword;

FIG. 11 is a list of suffixes which can be added to a word and a list of suffixes which can be stripped from a word without significantly changing the meaning of the word;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the subject expansion module shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 13 is a pseudo-code description of the operation of SESexplist;

FIG. 14 is a pseudo-code description of the operation of SESgen;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing the morphological analyzer and the lexicon;

FIG. 16 illustrates the structure of the stem lexicon;

FIG. 17 illustrates the form of the data structure associated with each node in the stem lexicon;

FIG. 18 is a continuation class tree for `fish`;

FIG. 19a is the structure of the property byte portion of a continuation class lexicon entry;

FIG. 19b is the structure of the continuation class node portion of a continuation class lexicon entry;

FIG. 19c is the structure of the <type/suff-flag-maps> portion of a continuation class lexicon entry;

FIG. 19d is the structure of the <alt/offset> portion of a continuation class lexicon entry;

FIG. 20a illustrates a portion of a suffix lexicon;

FIG. 20b relates the continuation class numbers used in FIG. 20a to corresponding continuation classes and the associated suffixes;

FIGS. 21a-c show parse trees for `satisfy`, `satisfaction` and `revolution` respectively;

FIGS. 22a-h present a pseudo-code description of the operation of WFSrecognize;

FIG. 23 is a stem.sub.-- record data structure;

FIG. 24 is a CC.sub.-- node data structure;

FIG. 25 is a stem.sub.-- node data structure;

FIGS. 26a-d present a pseudo-code description of the operation of Lookup.sub.-- stems;

FIGS. 27a-e present a pseudo-code description of the operation of Lookup.sub.-- suffixes;

FIG. 28 is a base history record data structure;

FIG. 29 is a base history for `fishiness`;

FIGS. 30a-c present a pseudo-code description of the operation of Make.sub.-- base.sub.-- history;

FIGS. 31a-d present a pseudo-code description of the operation of Base.sub.-- hist.sub.-- loop;

FIGS. 32a-o present a pseudo-code description of the operation of WFSgenerate;

FIGS. 33a-c present a pseudo-code description of the operation of Get.sub.-- records;

FIG. 34 presents a pseudo-code description of the operation of Quickgen; and

FIGS. 35a-b present a pseudo-code description of the operation of Genloop;

Structure and Operation

Referring to FIG. 1, two principal components of the embodiments described herein are a morphological analyzer 10 and a lexicon 12. To provide a basis for describing the embodiments which employ these components, only a brief description of these two components will be presented at this time. For the operation of the embodiments which employ these components as described herein, the particular details of construction and operation of morphological analyzer 10 and lexicon 12 are not important. Nevertheless, after describing the embodiments which employ these components, a more detailed description of the design and operation of the particular morphological analyzer and lexicon used in the embodiments is presented later.

The Lexicon

Lexicon 12, contains information about the underlying (lexical) forms of all the words that can be generated or recognized (in their surface form) by morphological analyzer 10. Lexicon 12 is not simply a listing of all these words in their underlying form, but instead contains morphological items, referred to as morphemes, that are combined to build the lexical forms of words. For example, the morphemes `success`+`ful`+`ly` form the word `successfully`. Associated with each morpheme is information that can include the part of speech the morpheme forms, related forms, and a list of what kinds of morphemes can follow the current one.

The Morphological Analyzer

The main functions of morphological analyzer 10 are recognition and generation. An internal function, referred to as WFSrecognize, implements the recognition capabilities of morphological analyzer 10. Another internal function, referred to as WFSgenerate, implements the generation capabilities of morphological analyzer 10. WFSrecognize analyzes a word to determine its morphological structure, and WFSgenerate generates the correct spelling of a word given its underlying morphological structure. Each of these internal functions will be described in greater detail later.

When performing recognition, morphological analyzer 10 analyzes an input string, identifying its root (or roots), any intervening words in its derivational history, any suffixes it may contain, and the lexical categories of all words in the derivational history. If the input string is successfully parsed (i.e., if a stem and the associated suffixes required to form the input word are found), morphological analyzer 10 returns a base history. If the input word has more than one parse, a base history for each is returned, each history (or path) presenting a listing of each form of the input word as each successive suffix is stripped. Thus, for example, in the case of `fishes`, two histories, shown in FIG. 2, are returned.

Each base history includes one or more records showing the bases that result from successively stripping off suffixes. Note that the word left after a suffix has been removed is called the base of the word with the suffix added. If no more suffixes can be stripped off a word, the word is the root of the other words. Each record contains the word from which a suffix is stripped, the part of speech of that word, an index referring to the record in the history that contains the base that is formed after the suffix is stripped, the suffix which is added to the base to make the word and the rating of the suffix which was added. The suffix rating is a number that is used to classify a suffix and the word it forms. Suffixes are grouped according to the closeness in meaning before and after the suffix is added. For example, inflectional endings, which simply change grammatical features of the original word, have a rating of 1. Derivational endings, which usually change the part of speech of the original word and generate a word more distant in meaning, have a rating of 2.

When performing generation, morphological analyzer 10 synthesizes words that are lexically related to a given word, adding suffixes, if appropriate, using any restrictions specified with the input regarding suffixes or lexical category to control the size and content of the set of words returned. Generation involves the following sub-tasks. Morphological analyzer 10 first does recognition on the input string to find out: how many parses the input string has; its stem or stems; and if it already contains suffixes. Morphological analyzer 10 then identifies the stem which is to be used for synthesis. Next, morphological analyzer 10 determines what suffixes can be added to it and returns all surface strings that can be synthesized from the lexical input word.

Text Management Functions

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the morphological analyzer is used to aid text management functions, such as indexing and searching. Embodiments for carrying out this text management function will now be described.

Referring to FIG. 3, in an indexing system 100, input words 102 from a block of text are passed to an intelligent filter 104 that automatically identifies which of the input words are topic or concept words, i.e., words which describe the meaning of the text in which the words appear. Intelligent filter 104 uses several mechanisms to identify the topic words, including a stop list 106, which lists words that are automatically rejected as topic words, a keep list 108, which lists words that are automatically accepted as topic words, and a morphological analyzer 110, which analyzes the input word to identify its morphological structure. Morphological analyzer 110 makes use of a lexicon 116 to perform the morphological analysis of the input words that are passed to it. Intelligent filter 104 uses the morphological information derived for the input words that are sent to morphological analyzer 110 to determine which of the input words are most likely to be topic words. The list of topic words generated by intelligent filter 104 then passes to a conventional indexing engine 114, which uses the topic words to generate an index for the text from which the input words were extracted. Indexing engine 114 may use any one of a number of known indexing techniques to either produce index cards for the text being indexed or to generate an index identifying the location of the topic words within the body of the text.

Stop list 106 contains a list of words that typically do not convey topic information, such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and other function words. A substantial number of the words in this list can be identified from a dictionary on the basis of their part of speech. The value of adding all of such words to a stop list is that intelligent filter 104 need not waste time and computational resources of morphological analyzer 110 to analyze those words. Stop list 106 also includes words that were identified by running samples of text through intelligent filter 104 and then analyzing the results to identify words that appear at the output but clearly do not convey topic information. Thus, another value of stop list 106 is that it serves to catch those few words that are not caught by the analytic component of the intelligent filter 104.

Keep list 108 serves the opposite function to that of stop list 106. It specifies words that the analytic component of intelligent filter 104 might tend to reject even though they convey topic information. Keep list 108 may be empirically generated by running several sample documents through intelligent filter 104 and then identifying those words which were rejected but which the user feels should be included among a list of topic words. In this way, keep list 108 provides a mechanism for fine tuning the system and for customizing the system to the particular needs and the unique vocabulary of particular users.

The operation of intelligent filter 104 will now be described with the aid of the flow diagram presented in FIGS. 4a-d. When a text indexing application program needs to index a block of text, it first calls an initialization function to open up the functions and lexicons (i.e., the reference works) that will be used by intelligent filter 104 to analyze the words passed to it. The application which calls intelligent filter 104 also allocates space for a topic structure 124 (see FIG. 5), which is used by intelligent filter 104 to pass topic information back to the application. Topic structure 124 includes a field 115 for the input word which was analyzed, a field 119 for an array of pointers to the bases that were found in the input word, and a field 117 for the number of bases within the array.

In its call to intelligent filter 104, the application passes an input word 102, i.e., the current word. Referring to FIGS. 4a-d, intelligent filter 104 first determines whether the current word qualifies for morphological analysis by checking whether it contains alphabetic characters (step 130). If it does not have alphabetic characters, filter 104 rejects the current word as a topic word and requests the next word from the application program (step 132). If the current word does have alphabetic characters, filter 104 checks whether there are quotation marks around it (step 134). If the current word is a quoted string, filter 104 identifies it as a topic word and passes this information to indexing engine 114 using topic data structure 124 so that indexing engine 114 can index the current word (step 136). Then filter 104 requests another word. On the other hand, if the current word is not a quoted string, filter 104 looks up the word in keep list 108 (step 138).

If the current word appears in keep list 108, filter 104 indexes the word and moves on to the next word (step 140). If the current word does not appear in keep list 108, filter 104 compares it against stop list 106 (step 142). If the current word appears in stop list 106, filter 104 rejects the word and requests the next word (step 144). If the current word does not appear in stop list 106, filter 104 calls upon the recognition capability of morphological analyzer 110, namely, WFSrecognize, to obtain a morphological analysis of it (step 146).

WFSrecognize identifies the stems within the current word and determines which suffixes have been added to those stems to create the current word. The analysis begins with the first character in the current word and proceeds one character at a time until each stem and any suffixes which have been attached to that stem are found. That is, WFSrecognize parses the input word. When the analysis is complete, WFSrecognize returns a base history for the current word. The base history consists of a list of history arrays, each of which contains the records of a corresponding one of the successful parses which were found.

It is possible that WFSrecognize will not find the current word or any base words for the current word within lexicon 116. In that case, WFSrecognize indicates that the word was not recognized. This occurs for words such as some proper names (e.g., Nixon). When WFSrecognize reports that the current word was not recognized, filter 104 treats the current word as a topic word, indexes it and then requests the next word (step 148).

It is also possible that the current word contains a character that cannot be processed by WFSrecognize. In such cases, filter 104 indexes the word and then moves onto the next word (step 150).

If WFSrecognize succeeds in parsing the current word, intelligent filter 104 uses the returned base history information to evaluate whether the current word is a topic word. First, filter 104 checks whether the current word has only one part of speech associated with it (i.e., was there only one successful parse of the word?) (step 152). If only one part of speech was returned, filter 104 checks what the part of speech is. If the part of speech is a noun, filter 104 indexes the current word and moves on to the next word (step 154). For example, the current word might be `history` or `science` both of which are nouns, in which case, filter 104 indexes the word.

On the other hand, if the part of speech is an adjective, such as `historic` or `scientific` filter 104 obtains the base of the current word and checks its part of speech (step 156). (Recall that the base is identified in the base field of the history record for the current word.) If the part of speech of the base of the current word is a noun, filter 104 indexes the base and then moves onto the next word (steps 158-160). If the part of speech of the base is an adjective, filter 104 obtains the base of the base and checks its part of speech (steps 162-164). For adjective bases, filter 104 indexes the base only if the base of the base is a noun (step 168). Otherwise, it rejects the word and moves on to the next word (step 170). For example, if the current word is `historical` i.e., an adjective having a noun base of `history` filter 104 indexes `history`. If the base is neither a noun nor an adjective, filter 104 also rejects the current word and moves on to the next word.

If the current word is an adverb, filter 104 performs a similar analysis to that which it performed for an adjective (steps 174-202). That is, filter 104 gets the base of the current word and checks its part of speech. If the base is a noun, filter indexes the base and moves on to the next word. However, if the base is an adjective, filter 114 looks at the next level, i.e., the base of the base. If the base of the base is a noun, as in the case of `scientifically` filter 104 indexes the base of the base (i e., `science`) and moves on. If the base of the base is an adjective, however, filter moves to the next level of the history for the current word and looks at the base of the base of the base, if one exists. If the base of the base of the base is a noun, filter 104 indexes that base, otherwise, it rejects the word and moves on.

If the current word has only one part of speech and if it is not a noun, an adjective or an adverb, filter 104 rejects it. Similarly, if the current word is an adverb but its base is neither a noun nor an adjective, filter 104 rejects it.

For the cases in which the current word has two (and only two) parts of speech (i.e., it is ambiguous), filter 104 indexes the word only if one part of speech is a noun and the other part of speech is not an adverb (steps 206-212).

For the cases in which the current word has three parts of speech (and only three), filter 104 indexes the word only if one of its parts of speech is a noun (steps 214-220).

Finally, for those cases in which the current word has more than three parts of speech, filter does not index the word (steps 222-224).

In the above description, it should be noted that if the current word is ambiguous (e.g., `leaves` may be the plural of `leaf` or the third person singular of the verb `leave`), filter 104 will output more than one base for the word.

After filter 104 has processed all of the words in the text, the application frees up any allocated tables that were used and it closes the reference work.

After the application has used the information in the topic structure that was passed to the application, the application also frees the memory allocated for it.

In the above-described embodiment, text is processed one word at a time. That is, the application program passes each word to intelligent filter 104, one word at a time, and generates an index using whatever is returned. It is also possible for the application to pass a block of text to intelligent filter 104, in which case filter 104 generates an array of topic structures, one structure for each topic word identified in the block of text. In that case, the application program calls a text analysis program which operates as shown in the flow diagram of FIG. 6.

The application program first initializes the text analysis program, and the appropriate data structures and it opens the reference work containing the text that is to be indexed (step 225). Then, the application program fills a buffer with a first block of text to be analyzed and passes this to the text analysis program which, in turn, tokenizes the text to identify the individual words within it (steps 229 and 231). Known techniques may be used to tokenize the text, using, for example, spaces and/or quotation marks as indicators of word boundaries. The text analysis program calls intelligent filter 104 for each word found within the block of text (step 233). Intelligent filter 104 processes the words passed to it and builds a topic structure array including the individual topic structures produced for each of the topic words found among the words from the block of text. After the topic structure array for the entire block of text is complete, the application program retrieves the individual topic structures within the array and checks each topic word to see if it has already been identified for the text. If it has not, the topic word is added to a list of concepts associated with the text (steps 235 237).

The application program continues in this fashion through the text, one block at a time until the entire text has been indexed (step 239). After processing all of the text, the application program frees up the memory which was used during the text analysis operation and closes all relevant files.

Note that intelligent filter 104 tends to compress the size of the index required for any given text for at least two reasons. First, it identifies words that qualify as topic words and rejetcs other words which do not relate to content of the text. In addition, for many text words it supplies a word that is lexically related to the text word and the indexing engine indexes the lexically related word. As a consequence, a group of lexically related words within the text tends to be represented by a single word selected from the group of lexically related words.

The approach of using a single word to represent a group of lexically related words in a text index may be employed by itself. In that case, the user might manually select a word from text which is to be represented in the index and then use the recognition capabilities of the morphological analyzer to produce a group of words that are lexically related to the selected word. As the indexed word, the indexing engine would then use a word selected from the set of words formed by the original word and its lexically related words. In other words, each word in the resulting index represents a set of lexically related words within the text. In that case, each of the lexically related words in the text does not appear as a separate word in the index.

FIG. 7 illustrates a system 10 in which morphological analyzer 110 assists in searching text. In text search system 201, an input word 203, which is part of a search request generated by a user, is passed to a Subject Expansion Module (SES module) 205 where it is expanded into a list of related subjects. A search engine 213 uses the expanded list generated from the input word to search text stored in a memory 207 and to return as output the identity of those documents which refer to any of the items appearing on the expanded list. To perform its subject expansion functions, SES module utilizes morphological analyzer 110 to generate a list of words lexically related to the input word. Morphological analyzer 110 relies upon the information stored in a lexicon 110 to perform a morphological analysis of the input word and generate a corresponding base history. The history contains the different bases found within the input word and the suffixes that are attached to those bases to generate the input word. Using the information developed by morphological analyzer 110, SES module 205 uses a thesaurus lexicon 211 to expand certain of the lexically related words into a list of synonyms for those words. In general, the expansion is done for each of the definitions that are found for the input word, i.e., for each part of speech. However, since synonyms are not available for all words, in the cases when synonyms are not found for the input word, SES module 205 uses lexically related words that are found within the base history generated for the input word.

The operation of SES module 205 is generally illustrated by the block diagram shown in FIG. 8. When an input word is passed to SES module 205, it calls an SESinit function 215 to initialize the data structures, functions and lexicons which will be used during its operation. After initialization, a SESrecword function 217 uses morphological analyzer 110 to construct a base history for the input word and, using the information available in the base history, generates a list of synonyms from thesaurus lexicon 211. For each of the words and the synonyms generated by SESrecword, a second function SESexplist 219, takes the words and synonyms generated by SESrecword 217 and generates a set of lexically related words and synonyms and lexically related synonyms, which it passes along with the input word and its lexically related words to search engine 213 as an expanded list to be used for searching. After the expansion task is completed, a SESfini function 221 frees up the memory that was initialized for this operation and closes the lexicons. SESrecword 217 and SESexplist 219 will now be described in greater detail.

SESrecword 217 operates as shown in FIGS. 9a-b. When the function is first called, it uses WFSrecognize to analyze the input word that is passed as part of the function call (step 230). For each successful parse of the input word WFSrecognize returns a history. Each history contains, among other things, the stem, the suffixes which are attached to the stem to form the input word and the part of speech of the input word. Since it is possible that more than one definition of the word exists, WFSrecognize may find more than one successful parse.

After WFSrecognize completes its recognition function and returns the information, SESrecword 217 loops through each definition (i.e., path in the history) that is returned (step 232) and for each path, it performs the following operations. First, it checks whether the current path has the same part of speech as any other path which it has processed thus far (step 254). If the current path has the same part of speech as a previously processed path, SESrecword 217 skips the current path and moves on to the next one (step 236). Note that the expansion of a path that yields the same part of speech as a previously expanded path will also yield the same expansion.

If the part of speech for the current path is new, SESrecword 217 checks whether the current part of speech is inflected (step 236). If it is inflected, there is the possibility that the base for the current path has already been found for a previous path. For example, the past tense and the past participle of a verb have the same base and, therefore, yield the same expansion. To avoid duplicating previous work and in the case of inflected words, SESrecword 217 checks the base of the current path against other bases that have been found for other paths (step 240). Information about the other paths is stored in an information list that SESrecword 217 is building during this process to return its results to the application program. The information list, which is a collection of different forms that are recognized for the input word, is a linked list of information objects 223, as illustrated in FIG. 10. If the base is found within the information list, SESrecword 217 skips the current path. Otherwise, it checks whether the base form is in thesaurus lexicon 211. If the base form is in the thesaurus lexicon, SESrecword 217 builds a new information object 223 for the base and adds the new object to the information list. The new object contains all of the synonyms that were found in the thesaurus lexicon associated with that base.

Referring back to FIG. 10, each object 223 includes a field 223(a) containing the word for which synonyms were found, a pos.sub.-- list 223(b) identifying the parts of speech associated with the word, a thesaurus buffer (TH buffer) 223(c) which contains all of the synonyms for the word, and a pointer 223(i) to the next object in the list. Each information object also includes a num.sub.-- words field 223(d) for specifying the number of synonyms in TH buffer 223(c), a num.sub.-- meanings field 223(c) for the number of different meanings or connotations that were listed for the word, and a pos.sub.-- sum field 223(f) for predetermined statistics about the average number of generated forms that will typically result from expanding the word as a function of its part of speech. In other words, pos.sub.-- sum provides a basis for estimating how many words an expansion of the list of words in TH buffer 223(c) will produce. Experience indicates that the number of words that an expansion will produce depends on the part of speech of the word. For example, a noun typically results in three words when expanded, a verb results in seven words and an adjective results in four words. This information is used later by the expansion function to determine how many words of the TH buffer to expand.

Each information object 223 also includes a sample information (sample.sub.-- info) field 223(q) containing an array of pointers to each of the possible samples within TH buffer 223(c) and a selection info field 223(b). A sample is defined as a possible meaning or connotation of the word. In the case of the College Thesaurus, synonyms are organized into different meaning categories. The pointers in sample.sub.-- info field 223(q) identify the beginning of each of the categories within TH buffer 223(c). As will be explained in greater detail shortly, in some embodiments, the user is offered the option of selecting which samples to include within the expansion performed by SESexplist 219. The user's indications are recorded in selection.sub.-- info field 223(k) for later use.

Referring again to steps 238-248 in FIG. 9a, after constructing the information object for the base or after determining that the base form is not found in the thesaurus lexicon, SESrecword 217 also checks whether the input word is in the thesaurus as an inflection (step 246). If it is, SESrecword builds another information object for the input word (step 248).

For the cases in which the part of speech for the current path is not inflected, SESrecword 217 checks if the word is in the thesaurus lexicon (step 252). If the word is in the thesaurus lexicon, an information object is built for the word and added to the information list (step 256). On the other hand, if the word is not in the thesaurus, SESrecword 217 examines its history to determine whether a suffix can be stripped from the word to form a base having substantially the same meaning (steps 258-260). The words have substantially the same meaning means, for example, if the function of the words created by stripping the suffix is semantically the same as the function of the word from which the suffix is stripped. Only certain suffixes can be stripped without significantly changing the meaning of the word. A list of those suffixes appears in FIG. 11. (Note that `+` and `#` are boundary characters or markers following Aronoff, Mark (1976) Word Formation in Generative Grammar, Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 1, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.) Such a list is stored in a table which SESrecword accesses to determine whether it is permissible to strip the current suffix so as to create a word from which synonyms may be generated. If the suffix can be stripped, SESrecword 217 tries to find the resulting base in the thesaurus lexicon. If the base is found, the function builds a word information object for the base. If it cannot be found, however, the function builds a word information object for the input word without any thesaurus data.

After SESrecword has looped through each path and performed the operations described above, it returns the completed list of information objects to the application program.

As shown in FIG. 12, in another embodiment, SES module 205 is modified to permit the user to skip over information objects for expansion or to select the synonyms within an information object for which expansion will be performed (an operation referred to generally as sampling). In the modified version of SES module 205, the application passes the output of SESrecword 217 to a SESsample function 223 which selects a subset of words from each category (i.e., from each meaning) and the application displays these subsets of words to the user. In the present embodiment (i.e., with the College Thesaurus), SESsample 223 selects the first two words in each category for display. The user then selects which information objects are to be skipped and the categories within information objects for which expansion is desired. Another function, namely, SESadd.sub.-- sel 227, stores the user's selections in selection.sub.-- info field 223(b) of the appropriate information object 223 (see FIG. 10).

In both embodiments described above, the actual expansion of the words returned by SESrecword 217 is performed by two other functions, namely, SESexplist 219 and SESgen 221 and illustrated in the flow diagrams of FIGS. 13 and 14, respectively. Each of those functions will now be described.

SESexplist 219 takes the information list returned by SESrecword 217 and expands it to include lexically related words generated from the recognized forms of the input word and the synonyms found by SESrecword 217. Referring to FIG. 13, when SESexplist 219 is first called, it loops through the list of information objects (step 270) and computes the total number of words in the TH buffers from the numbers in num.sub.-- words fields 223(d) (see FIG. 10) (step 272). Then, using the information stored in pos.sub.-- sum field 223(f), SESexplist 219 estimates the total number of words likely to result from expanding all of the sampled categories obtained through the thesaurus (step 274). (If the sampling feature is not present, it is assumed that words from all categories will be expanded.) The total number is then scaled to reflect any limitations that might exist on available memory. In a DOS environment, for example, the memory space limitations can be quite severe; whereas, in other environments, such as virtual memory systems, it may not be necessary to limit the number of words that are generated. Using the scaled number, SESexplist 219 computes the number of words that can be safely chosen from each sampled category for expansion without exceeding the available memory. The distribution of words chosen from the categories is performed so as to fairly represent all of the sample categories in the TH buffers 223(c). That is, some number is chosen from all selected categories with the larger categories receiving larger representation than the smaller categories.

After SESexplist 219 determines the number of words that can be expanded from each category, it loops through the list of information objects again to perform the actual expansion operations (step 276). For the current information object, SESexplist 219 first checks whether it was selected to be skipped (step 278). If the current object is marked to be skipped, SESexplist 219 moves on to the next information object. If the current object is not selected to be skipped, SESexplist 219 checks whether it has been sampled by examining the contents of its selection.sub.-- info field 223(h). If the object has been sampled and selections were made, SESexplist calls SESgen 221 on those selections. In this phase of operation, SESgen 221 expands the permitted number of words within the sampled category based upon the computations performed in steps 272 and 274, above.

If the object has neither been skipped nor sampled, SESexplist 219 calls SESgen 221 on all of the data present in the object (step 282). During this step, SESgen only expands the number of words in each category that are permitted by the limitations computed in steps 272 and 274, above.

When SESexplist 219 is done expanding the word in a given information object, it frees up any space associated with that object (step 284). After SESexplist has looped through all information objects, it returns the results of the expansion to search engine 213, which constructs a search based upon the information in the expanded list. In other words, search engine 213 conducts its search using the input word, words that are lexically related to the input word, synonyms of the input word and of the words that are lexically related to the input word (if any such synonyms exist), and words that are lexically related to the synonyms. Search engine 213 uses any one of a number of known techniques to use the expanded list to conduct the search for all documents or locations within documents that refer to any words on the expanded list.

The repeated calls to SESgen 221 generate the result list that is returned. As shown in FIG. 14, when SESgen is called, it first identifies the input word and its part of speech from the information found within the appropriate fields of the information object (step 290). For the input word, SESgen calls a generation function, WFSgenerate, which causes morphological analyzer 110 to produce all inflections and derivations that can be generated from that word by the addition of one suffix. It also produces any inflections of the derivational forms. WFSgenerate returns an output.sub.-- history data structure., which is an array of histories for all of the expansions that were found. The first record in each history contains the input word, and the last record contains an inflected form, a derivational form, or an inflection of a derivational form. In this last case, a middle record will contain the derivational form, i.e., the input word with one derivational suffix attached.

From among the histories that were produced, SESgen 221 selects all inflectional forms and adds those to a result list (step 294). If derivational forms are also included within the output.sub.-- history data structure, SESgen 221 selects only those derivations that have a suffix which can be attached to the current part of speech of the input word without significantly changing the meaning of the word. Only certain derivational suffixes may be attached to a base without significantly changing its meaning. As in the case of stripping suffixes, words formed by adding suffixes will have substantially the same meaning as the base word, for example, if the function of the words created by adding the suffix is semantically the same as the function of the word to which the suffix is added. A list of those suffixes appears under the appropriately labelled column in FIG. 11. Such a list of suffixes is stored in a table which SESgen accesses to determine whether any derivations have a suffix that can be attached to the current part of speech. It adds only those entries to the result list.

After SESgen has processed the input word of the information object, it loops through the synonyms found within the TH buffer in the information object (step 296). For the current synonym, SESgen 221 compares its part of speech with that of the input word (step 298). If the parts of speech are the same, SESgen 221 performs the same expansion as was described above. That is, it generates all inflections and derivations of the synonym which have only one suffix added to the synonym and it adds the inflections and only those derivations that have a suffix which can be attached to the current part of speech of the synonym to the result list for the information object (steps 300 and 302).

After SESgen 221 has looped through all of the synonyms for which expansions are to be generated, it returns the result list to SESexplist 219 (step 300).

Note that a limited form of subject expansion can be employed which does not use a thesaurus. In that case, the search is conducted using the input word plus the group of lexically related words that are generated by the morphological analyzer.

Having described the text management systems which employ the morphological analyzer, further details regarding the described embodiments of the morphological analyzer and the lexicon will now be provided.

The Lexicons

In the described embodiment, the morphemes have been divided into two main categories which are handled differently: the root morphemes (stems) and the ending morphemes (suffixes). The ending morphemes are attached to the root morphemes and to each other. Referring to FIG. 15, lexicon 12 is divided into two sub-lexicons based on these two categories of morphemes: a stem lexicon 16 containing the stem forms, and a suffix lexicon 20 containing the suffixes from all the different continuation classes. A third lexicon, referred to as continuation class lexicon 18, contains a continuation class tree for each stem. Each continuation class tree identifies all of the suffixes which may be added to the associated stem and, thus, it represents a set of links into suffix lexicon 20 for that stem.

Stem and suffix lexicons 16 and 20 are stored in compacted letter trie form with any information associated with the stem or ending accessed from the last character of that stem or ending. As will become apparent in the following discussion, however, the information associated with a stem differs from that associated with an ending.

The Stem Lexicon

Stem lexicon 16 is made up of two types of entries: (1) valid English words (e.g., "permit"), and (2) abstract stems, which are not valid words but to which suffixes can be added to form complete words (e.g., "permiss," which serves as a stem for "permissive" and "permission"). Referring to FIG. 16, stem lexicon 16 includes compacted letter tries including nodes 30, each one representing a different character of a stem found within the trie. Associated with each node 30 is a data structure 32 (shown in greater detail in FIG. 17) which contains information about that node and the nodes which are connected to it on the next lower level of the tree. Each data structure 32 has a character and at least three flags, namely, an end-of-word (EOW) flag 34, an end-of-stem (EOS) flag 36 and a sisters flag 38, and it may include a pointer array 40. EOW flag 34 indicates whether that node represents the end of that branch. EOS flag 36 indicates whether the node represents an end of a valid stem. And, sisters flag 38 indicates whether another branch extends off of the parent node. If a stem ends at a node, its pointer array 40 contains an index which identifies that stem's entry into continuation class lexicon 18 where all of the continuation class information for the stem is stored.

The Continuation Class Lexicon

A continuation class is associated with a single suffix and/or a single lexical category, which is the category of the word derived by adding that suffix. Stems do not themselves have lexical category information associated with them. Stems that are legitimate words (i.e., not abstract) have a continuation class that represents a null suffix but assigns a part of speech to the stem. A stem that is lexically ambiguous has such a continuation class for each lexical category to which it belongs.

When words of more than one lexical category can be derived by adding a single suffix, a separate continuation class is assigned for each lexical category. For example, `#s` is an inflectional suffix that forms plural nouns and also third person singular verbs; `#er` is an inflectional suffix that forms comparative adjectives and a derivational suffix that forms nouns from verbs. (Note that inflectional endings simply add inflection to the part of speech of the original word; whereas, derivational endings change the part of speech of the original word and form words that are more distant in meaning.) For each of these suffixes, there are two distinct continuation classes. By requiring each continuation class to be associated with no more than one lexical category, the system can take advantage of constraints on the possible sequence of suffixes, since most suffixes attach to words of a particular lexical category.

The system makes use of over 140 continuation classes, two thirds of which are associated with a suffix and a lexical category. There are 13 continuation classes associated with other affixes such as `+fac` in `satisfaction`. Since the addition of these formatives does not produce a complete word, they have no lexical category associated with them. Another 36 continuation class are associated with a lexical category but no affix and are used to assign a part of speech and grammatical features to roots (e.g., NOUN assigns noun singular; VPAST assigns verb past tense) and to irregular inflectional forms that do not contain a suffix.

Appendix A1 identifies all of the top level classes (level 1 classes) represented in the continuation class lexicon. Appendix A1 identifies the class (e.g. VERB), the numerical code used to represent that class (in the case of VERB, it is 3c); and the part of speech (POS) for that class, which in the case of VERB is `verb tenseless`.

Every stem has its own unique tree of continuation class symbols that represent the valid combinations of suffixes that can be attached to the stem. Besides this tree, there are fields for the exceptional cases, i.e., ones that cannot be included in the continuation class tree. These exceptional case fields contain a cross-reference to another stem in stem lexicon 16 which represents an irregular form.

Here `irregular forms` means words which cannot be related to their base through the continuation classes because of spelling changes too significant to be handled by the spelling change rules of the morphological analyzer. Such irregular forms include: irregular verbs (forgive-forgave-forgiven); nouns with irregular plurals (index-indices); and irregular comparative and superlative forms of adjectives (good-better-best). The irregular forms are given separate entries in the lexicon, where they refer back to their bases. The base entry is linked to the irregular form entries by the <IRR> label and the irregular form entries are linked to the base entry by the <BAS> label.

Associated with the continuation class for the irregular stem form is a corresponding field cross-referencing back to the stem the irregular form is based on. Besides the continuation class tree and the exception fields, there is a flag that appears when the last syllable of a stem, even if it is just one syllable, is stressed or when the last character of a stem should be doubled. This is called a gemination mark which will cause the automaton to double the last character if other conditions allow it.

Stress is represented in the continuation class lexicon for all words that exhibit primary stress on the last syllable including monosyllabic words. Because stress information is used solely by the gemination rule, secondary stress is not represented in the lexicon at all, and no stress information is represented in abstract stems or in continuation class lexicon 18. Consequently, stress is not represented for derived or inflected forms. Words that do not bear final stress but undergo gemination are also marked in the lexicon.

Table I following gives examples of the entries in continuation class trees associated with the stems `fish` and `shoot`.

    ______________________________________
    Stem: fish
    Gemination Mark: true
    Continuation Classes:
    Class - Corresponding.sub.-- Word(s)
    <1> NOUN - fish (n.)
    <2> LIKE - fishlike
    <2> LESS - fishless
    <2> Y#ADJ - fishy
    <3> ADJREG - fishier, fishiest
    <3> LY#ADV - fishily
    <3> NESS - fishness
    <2> NREG - fish's, fishes, fishes'
    <2> ERY - fishery
    <3> NREG - fishery's, fisheries, fisheries'
    <1> IN1 - fish (n. pl.)
    <1> VERB - fish (v.)
    <2> ABLE#ADJ - fishable
    <2> ER - fisher
    <3> NREG - fisher's, fishers, fishers'
    <2> VREG - fishes, fished, (have) fished, fishing
    Stem: shoot
    Gemination Mark: true
    Continuation Classes:
    Class Corresponding.sub.-- Word(s)
    <1> VERB - shoot (v.)
    <2> VPR3 - shoots
    <2> VING - shooting
    <2> ER shooter
    <3> NREG - shooter's, shooters, shooters'
    Irregular form: shot
    Part of speech of irregular form: (v.p.t.)
    Irregular form: shot
    Part of speech of irregular form: (v.p.p.)
    ______________________________________

    ______________________________________
             `a`          0
             `e`          2
             `i`          4
             `s`          6
             other        8
    ______________________________________
              For `+ety` which has `e` as its first character, the index
     becomes 23. The algorithm uses this index to look up a constant in the
     constant array shown in Appendix B.

    ______________________________________
    History 0:                 History 1:
    Record 0:   Record 1:      Record 0:
    {Word:
          lie,      {Word:   lay,    {Word:
                                           lay,
    POS:  v.,       POS:     v. past,
                                     POS:  v.,
    Base: Record 0, Base:    Record 0,
                                     Base: Record 0,
    Suffix:
          +O,       Suffix:  +ed,    Suffix:
                                           +O,
    Rating:
          O}        Rating:  1}      Rating:
                                           0}
    History 2:
    Record 0:
    {Word:
          lay,
    POS:  n.,
    Base: Record 0,
    Suffix:
          +O,
    Rating:
          0},
    ______________________________________