Interactive connotative thesaurus system6523001Abstract A computerized interactive thesaurus reference tool is provided which retrieves connotative synonyms from a data base. Connotative synonyms are words or phrases which have the same or a similar emotional or related connotative meaning. Typically connotative synonyms have different denotative meanings. The interactive reference tool is similar to a thesaurus, but instead of relating words of similar denotative meaning, it relates terms of similar connotative meaning. The data base stores denotative context and connotative meanings of a plurality of words and phrases. Connotative meaning, along with the intensity of such meaning, are identified using a statistical model of sampled responses from select panels of evaluators. In addition, areas of human interest also are associated with a given word or phrase and its denotative meaning. Scaled ratings of the power, activity and abstract/concrete qualities of the word or phrase also are maintained. Claims What is claimed is: Description BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
TABLE 1
Denotative Field Types
1. Term (i.e., word or phrase/idiom)
2. Specific denotative context
3. Part of speech
For each record in the data base 12, one denotative field is assigned to the term. A second denotative field is assigned to the denotative context (dictionary meaning) of the term. A third denotative field is assigned to the part of speech. Preferably, each context of each term is assigned a separate database record. Thus, if the dictionary definition of a single term has two meanings among a total of five contexts, then there are five records, one for each context. There may be multiple contexts for a given dictionary meaning when, for example, there are different parts of speech for the term/meaning. Assigning an additional field to track the meanings that subsume the contexts is not necessary to practice the invention, but such a field may be assigned in an alternative embodiment. The total number of records required is equal to the sum of all of the denotative contexts of all of the words in the dictionary source or other denotative data source or sources. In a preferred embodiment the set of connotative fields 46 includes a block of one or more fields corresponding to each one of a plurality of emotional categories. In a best mode embodiment eight emotional categories have been identified, although the number of categories may vary to be more or less than eight. The number of fields comprising each block may vary. In one embodiment there is one field in each block that corresponds to a primary connotative emotional descriptor for the corresponding term. In some embodiments there is a field for storing a secondary connotative emotional descriptor for the corresponding term. Note that the primary and or secondary emotional descriptor can correspond to a designation of no connotative meaning stored in this emotional category for the given term. In addition to the fields for the primary and optional secondary emotional descriptors, there also are fields associated with each block relating to the method for identifying connotative meaning. Although the method for defining connotative meaning may vary, in one embodiment the data is collected from multiple sources. In a given implementation the sources are judges or panels of judges. In some embodiments there is a field in each block for each judge's selection of the term's connotative meaning. In an example, where 24 connotative judges are used, each of the eight blocks of fields 46 includes 24 individual fields used in deriving the primary and/or secondary emotional descriptor for the term--a respective field to hold each judge's emotional descriptor data for each term in each context. Several additional fields are reserved to hold calculated data based on the connotative judges' emotional descriptor data. Fewer or more judges may be used, adjusting the number of fields within each block accordingly. Table 2 lists eight emotional categories corresponding to the eight blocks of fields 46 for a best mode embodiment. The general emotional classification "Positive Emotions" subsumes four emotional categories, and the general emotional classification "Negative Emotions" subsumes the other four emotional categories, as practiced in a preferred embodiment of the invention. Each emotional category subsumes a list of 12 to 37 specific emotional descriptors, each of which is associated with a two-digit identifying code number. The specific code number may vary. Further, the manner in identifying the distinct descriptors also may vary. The total number of emotional descriptors in this example is 164. In various embodiments one or more emotional descriptors may be removed from this list, entire emotional categories may be removed from the list, or one or more emotional categories and descriptors may be added to this list. The connotative descriptors that appear in Table 2 are English language connotative descriptors for one embodiment of a general language connotative thesaurus system. The specific words that make up the emotional connotative descriptors may vary. Of course such descriptors will vary from language to language.
TABLE 2
Connotative Database Fields
POSITIVE EMOTIONS:
Affection/ Amusement/
Friendliness Excitement
01 Adoration 01 Amazement
02 Affection 02 Amusement
03 Amorousness 03 Astonishment
04 Devotion 04 Eagerness
05 Fondness 05 Enthusiasm
06 Friendliness 06 Excitement
07 Infatuation 07 Exhilaration
08 Kindliness 08 Exuberance
09 Liking 09 Fun
10 Love 10 Glee
11 Lust 11 Hilarity
12 Passion 12 Merriment
13 Tenderness 13 Mirth
14 Trust 14 Surprise
15 Warmth 15 Thrill
Enjoyment/ 16 Wonder
Elation Contentment/
01 Admiration Gratitude
02 Bliss 01 Appreciation
03 Cheer 02 Comfort
04 Delight 03 Contentment
05 Ecstasy 04 Gladness
06 Elation 05 Gratitude
07 Enjoyment 06 Hope
08 Euphoria 07 Peacefulness
09 Exultation 08 Relief
10 Happiness 09 Satisfaction
11 Joy 10 Serenity
12 Jubilation 11 Thankfulness
13 Pleasure 12 Well-being
14 Pride
15 Rapture
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
Sadness/Grief Fear/Uneasiness Anger/Loathing
01 Affliction 01 Alarm 01 Abhorrence
02 Agony 02 Anxiety 02 Acrimony
03 Anguish 03 Apprehension 03 Aggravation
04 Dejection 04 Desperation 04 Anger
05 Demoralization 05 Distress 05 Animosity
06 Depression 06 Dread 06 Annoyance
07 Desolation 07 Fear 07 Antagonism
08 Despair 08 Horror 08 Antipathy
09 Despondency 09 Nervousness 09 Aversion
10 Disappointment 10 Panic 10 Bitterness
11 Discouragement 11 Paranoia 11 Contempt
12 Disheartenment 12 Stress 12 Creepiness
13 Disillusionment 13 Tension 13 Detestation
14 Dismay 14 Terror 14 Dissatisfaction
15 Distress 15 Uneasiness 15 Disdain
16 Downheartedness 16 Worry 16 Disgust
17 Forlorness Humiliation/ 17 Dislike
18 Gloom Shame 18 Enmity
19 Grief 01 Chagrin 19 Envy
20 Heartache 02 Contrition 20 Exasperation
21 Heartbreak 03 Degradation 21 Frustration
22 Heartsickness 04 Discredit 22 Fury
23 Hopelessness 05 Disgrace 23 Hatred
24 Hurt 06 Dishonor 24 Hostility
25 Longing 07 Disrepute 25 Irritation
26 Melancholy 08 Disrespect 26 Indignation
27 Misery 09 Embarrassment 27 Ire
28 Pain 10 Guilt 28 Jealousy
29 Pity 11 Humiliation 29 Loathing
30 Sadness 12 Indignity 30 Offense
31 Sorrow 13 Mortification 31 Outrage
32 Suffering 14 Regret 32 Rage
33 Torment 15 Remorse 33 Rancor
34 Unhappiness 16 Shame 34 Resentment
35 Wretchedness 17 Stigma 35 Vexation
36 Yearning 36 Virulence
37 Wrath
In an embodiment including a set of human interest fields 48, the fields 48 relate a record and its denotative context to a human interest category. The purpose of incorporating the human interest fields is to permit the end user to easily retrieve special connotative content from the database by first selecting one or more human interest filters before querying the database. The human interest fields employed in a preferred embodiment of the invention are listed in Table 3. There are nine groupings of the human interest categories in such embodiment. Each human interest category is a field having a descriptor word. The categories and descriptors may vary from embodiment to embodiment.
TABLE 3
SET 3: Human Interest Database Fields
Non-emotional Connotations Perception
Power Abstract/Concrete Continuum
Activity Place, General
Rhythm Place, Event
Number of Syllables Place, Transportation
Accented Syllable Place, Cosmos
Special Diction Place, Noted
Question-starting Words Color
Core Words Identified by S. I. Hearing
Hayakawa Touch
Personal Identity Taste
Gender Smell
First Names (Baby Names) Time, General
Notorious Or Celebrated People Time, Historical
Languages Time, Calendar
National Identity Non-medical Drug Use
Organizations of Note Non-human Life
Home Animals
Personal Relationships Plants
Intimacy Micro Organisms
Spiritual Identity Argot/Vernacular
Biblical Diction Slang
Christianity Taboo
Judaism Offensive
Islam Derogatory
Hinduism Disgusting/Revolting
Buddhism Euphemistic
Other Religious Cliche
Myth and Legend
Paranormal
Physical Identity
Physical Appearance
Body
Health
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the assignment of the fields and records as described above effectively links each traditional dictionary definition of each term in each context with more than 200 connotative and human interest variables. The data base may be organized into one or more tables, files or other units of organizing data. Regardless of the number of tables or files, there are entries from each table or file which correspond to a term (i.e., a word or phrase among the denotative fields). The data associated with any given term is referred to herein and in the claims as a `record`, whether or not coming from a single table or file, or from multiple tables or files. Each record includes a field which identifies a term and another field which identifies the denotative context for the term. The record also includes a field which identifies the connotative meaning. Thus, each record includes at least three fields allocated among 1 to 3 tables, files or other units of organization of the data base. In a preferred embodiment there are a plurality of connotative meaning fields, at least one for each of a plurality of emotional categories. The connotative meaning fields identify an emotional descriptor for a corresponding emotional category. Such identification may be an identification of a specific emotional descriptor within the corresponding category or an indication that there is no emotional descriptor for such category. An indication of no connotative meaning is still considered to be connotative meaning information. In varying embodiments additional fields are included for any one or more of the following types of information: parts of speech, intensity of connotative meaning, power rating, activity rating, abstract/concrete rating, human interest areas. When an intensity field is included the intensity is an intensity of a connotative meaning and is associated with a corresponding emotional category and the identified emotional descriptor for such category. User Interface 14: In a preferred embodiment a graphical user interface is implemented, which provides an end user with the capability of retrieving connotative synonyms from the data base 12. Although there are many ways in which a user interface may be implemented, in one embodiment a system with menus and windows is used. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a graphical user interface 14 used for retrieving connonyms. A window 52 is presented to the user. The user enters a word or phrase (i.e., a term) in a look-up box 54. Connotative synonyms then are retrieved from the database 12 and displayed to the user along with the look-ed term in window area 55. Once a user enters the term to be looked up (i.e., evaluated), a retrieval process 49 as shown in FIG. 4 (one of the filtration and retrieval processes 16) is executed. At one step 71 the term is received and looked up in the data base 12. At another step 73 the emotional descriptors (e.g., the corresponding codes stored in the data base 12) for such looked up term are identified. At another step 75, a search is performed of the data base 12 for all terms which have the same emotional descriptors (e.g., terms which include at least the same codes). At step 77 any terms which have at least the same emotional descriptors as the looked up term are displayed in an area 55 of the window 52. In one embodiment the identified terms and their denotative data is displayed in the window area 55. In another area 57 there are overlapping window portions and corresponding tabs 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 74. A user can inspect the common connotative meanings by pressing on one or more of the tabs for the emotional categories (e.g., tabs 66, 68, 70, 72, 74). In the embodiment illustrated there are two tabs 66, 68 for the emotional descriptors within the positive emotional categories and three tabs for the emotional descriptors within the negative emotional categories. FIG. 5 shows the window area 67 corresponding to one of the tabs 66 for the emotional descriptors within the positive emotional categories. There are two common connotative meanings displayed in area 67 that are shared by the identified terms--`amusement` and `cheerfulness`. Additional descriptors in common may be identified by pressing one of the other tabs 68, 70, 72 and 74 and looking to see which emotional descriptors are checked off as being in common for the terms listed in area 55. Another retrieval process also may be executed to refine the list of connonyms. Referring to FIG. 5, a user may select an intensity range for one or more of the emotional descriptors listed in area 67. By selecting a range of intensity for one or more of the common emotional descriptors, the list of identified terms in area 55 is narrowed down to identify only those terms which also meet the intensity criteria. Comparing FIGS. 3 and 5, one can see that the list of terms in area 55 is shorted in FIG. 5, because an intensity range of 4-10 is selected for `amusement` and for `cheerfulness`. Although the same intensity range is identified, the same or a different intensity range may be selected for any emotional descriptor. The terms displayed in FIG. 5 have a stronger underlying emotional tie to the looked-up term than the omitted terms from FIG. 3. In a preferred embodiment, the user may select any number of emotional descriptors from the lists revealed by clicking the various tabs that provide access to the emotional descriptor lists. The number of different connonym lists that may theoretically be generated using a preferred system and apparatus for practicing the invention is a function of the combination of the number of descriptors available and the number of descriptors selected. See the following combination formula: nCr=n!/(n-r)!r! where n is the number of descriptors available (in a single list or in a combination of lists, as the case may be), and r is the number of descriptors selected. Even though such numbers run into hundreds of thousands of possible connonym lists with only a few descriptors selected, the actual numbers are much higher, because the user may also select particular ranges of intensity associated with any emotional descriptor, thus removing any practical limits on descriptor identity. In FIG. 2, for example, the user has selected "Cheerfulness" at an intensity level of between 4 and 10 on a 10-point scale, and "Amusement," also at an intensity level of between 4 and 10. If the user had selected a different range of intensity for either of the two emotional descriptors, without de-selecting either descriptor, and without adding any others, then the list of connonyms retrieved by the system and apparatus would have been different than the four connonyms that appear in the example illustrated in FIG. 5. In some embodiments there is another way of identifying connonyms. The first way described above is to enter a term in a look up box 54 of the window 52. Another way is to go through the tabs 60-74 and select criteria. In addition to the tabs 66-74 for the emotional descriptors, there also are tabs 60-66 for various filters. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 6 the window areas 61 and 65 are shown with sets of filters. These filters correspond to the human interest areas of Table 3. In addition, there are some general denotative filters included in FIG. 3. A user simply checks off an area of human interest or enters data into one of the denotative filters or non-emotional connotation filters. All terms in the data base corresponding to the checked off or otherwise selected criteria are then displayed in area 55. Referring to FIG. 6 the filter for `taste` is selected. The user then clicks on the `OK` button 76 to display all terms in the database associated with `taste`. A additional criteria or alternative criteria may be entered. Referring to FIG. 7, the query is refined by selecting an emotional descriptor. In this example, the user has selected `delight` and also has selected an intensity range of 3.5 to 10. Once the `OK` button is pressed, the terms associated with `delight` and `taste` are displayed in area 55. Referring to FIG. 8, in another search a user has selected a tab 72 relating to negative emotions. Window area 73 lists some of the emotional descriptors for such negative emotions. In this example, the user has selected the descriptor `outrage` and an intensity rating of 5.0 to 10.0. Once the `OK` button 76 is pressed, a process is executed to retrieve all terms in the data base 12 which having an entry among the connotative fields 46 for outrage and a corresponding intensity that is between 5.0 and 10.0. In this example, three terms have been identified and displayed in the area 55. In a best mode embodiment the data base 12 is stored on a computer readable storage media, such as embedded memory, RAM, ROM, a hard disk, an optical disk, a floppy disk, magneto-optical disk, electro-optical disk, or another known or to be implemented transportable or non-transportable computer readable storage media. The user interface 14, processing filters and other executable instruction code 16 for maintaining and accessing the data base also is stored on the same or another computer readable storage media of the types listed above. Under various computing models, the connotative language reference is installed at an end user computer or accessed remotely from an end user computer. For resident computing models, the executable instructions may be loaded onto the computer and the data base accessed from a transportable storage media. Alternatively the data base also may be installed locally. One skilled in the art will appreciate the many computing configurations that may be implemented. For non-resident computing models, the data base may be stored at a server computer on a public or private, local or wide area network, or even on a global computer network. The executable instructions may be run either at the end user computer or at a server computer with the data being displayed at the end user's display device. Identifying Connotative Meaning According to a preferred embodiment the connotative meanings associated with a word or phrase found in the connotative thesaurus are derived by subjective responses from a plurality of evaluators. In a best mode embodiment the evaluators are a panel of persons having objective credentials or accepted expertise in connotative analysis. However, in some embodiments the evaluators may be selected at random. Such persons are referred to herein as connotative judges. In a preferred embodiment, the Internet is used as a recruitment medium to recruit 100 to 200 individuals who are not known to each other to act as independent connotative judges. In one embodiment, the connotative judges are screened for the following characteristics listed below in Table 4:
TABLE 4
Characteristics and Qualifications of Connotative Judges
1. 25% of all judges aged 40 or older and female
2. 25% of all judges under the age of 40 and female
3. 25% of all judges aged 40 or older and male
4. 25% of all judges under the age of 40 and male
5. All judges having at least 2 years of post-secondary education
6. All judges having an above-average vocabulary and command of
whichever language is being used to practice the invention.
7. All judges having a substantial interest and some
experience in the craft of writing, preferably creative writing.
8. Judges geographically dispersed over the area of interest for the
language of interest.
While the above qualifications are used in one embodiment, the invention may be practiced using any number of judges having any qualifications of one's choosing. For example, connotative judges may be only women, or only men, or only individuals of a defined age or ethnic group, or only people who reside in a certain geographical location. The nature and quality of data captured will of course vary with the demographic profile of connotative judges, as well as with the number of judges used when practicing the invention, their geographical locations, and the linguistic qualifications of the judges. The connotative judges evaluate the meaning of given words and phrases for connotative content using a questionnaire. The questionnaires preferably are distributed as database software files, although they may also be distributed in paper document form. The responses of the connotative judges are processed using either custom-designed database software or database software commercially available from manufacturers such as Inprise, Oracle, and Microsoft. As the data are analyzed, a database of connotative meaning is constructed, which is linked with each context of each word in the connotative thesaurus. Each questionnaire is, in effect, a small database table containing four data fields, preferably five data fields, as summarized in Table 5.
TABLE 5
Data Fields for Questionnaire Tables to Capture Connotative Data
Field A field containing a term selected at random from
1 the term field of the main database
Field A field containing the denotative context for the term in Field 1
2
Field A field containing the part of speech for the term in Field 1
3 (optional, but preferred)
Field A blank field assigned for the connotative judge to record data
4 identifying emotional connotations associated with the term
and context in Fields 1 and 2
Field A blank field assigned for the connotative judge to record data
5 corresponding to intensity of emotion associated with the term,
context and part of speech in Fields 1, 2 and 3
Field 4 is used for identifying connotational meaning. Field 5 is used for identifying the intensity of the connotation. The use of Field 5 is described below in the section, Quantifying Intensity of Connotative Meanings. In one embodiment, a distributed computing model is employed, in which the connotative judges use their own computers in their own homes or offices to receive questionnaire tables over the Internet (via e-mail or from a World Wide Web site) that are extracted from the main database 12. The connotative judges complete their work on the questionnaire tables, and then return the data tables over the Internet. Referring to FIG. 9, a pool 80 of connotative judges are recruited to evaluate records of the connotative data base 12 for connotative associations of corresponding words and phrases. A sample of judges from the pool 80 forms a panel 82 used to evaluate a set of records. The same or different panels are formed to evaluate other sets of records. The number of records in a set may vary. For purposes of illustration a panel of 24 judges is described which evaluates a set of 500 records. In a preferred embodiment, each judge typically receives a questionnaire table 84 covering approximately 500 records, each record consisting of the four fields identified in Table 4. The questionnaire laso includes instructions for selecting a code number to fill in the blank Field 4 for each record. Each connotative judge is also supplied with one or more of the eight category lists of code-numbered emotional descriptors identified in Table 2. In a preferred embodiment for a given questionnaire each judge is supplied with only one of the eight category lists of emotional descriptors found in Table 2. Thus, in a given questionnaire a judge evaluates the terms for connotative meaning in only a specific emotional category. To complete the questionnaire table, the connotative judge inputs one of three codes or code types for each record in Field 4, as listed in Table 6.
TABLE 6
Coding Alternatives for Capturing SET 2 Connotative Data
1. Code the two-digit number (see Table 2 above) associated
with one and only one emotional descriptor that most
closely matches the emotional connotation that the
connotative judge associates with the word or phrase,
considering the denotative context and part of speech.
2. Code "00" if the connotative judge understands the word
or phrase and its denotative context, but does not associate
any of the emotional descriptors from the supplied list of
emotional descriptors with the word or phrase and its
denotative context.
3. Code "99" if the connotative judge does not know the word
or phrase, or the specific associated denotative context.
In a preferred method of practicing the invention, only one judgment is required for each record in a questionnaire table. However, in other embodiments more than one judgment may be allowed or required, if, for example, one wishes to capture the connotative judge's first choice and also the connotative judge's second choice of emotional descriptor. To effect such data capture, the number of connotative fields 46 (see FIG. 2) would need to be expanded accordingly, and the questionnaire table structure modified to include additional data capture fields. The connotative judge repeats this procedure for all 500 records in the questionnaire, then returns the completed questionnaire table 84 via the Internet. Thereafter, the judge may receive another questionnaire table 86, or 88 to evaluate. The next questionnaire table received by the connotative judge may contain exactly the same set of records that was just evaluated, but accompanied by a different category list of emotional descriptors to be used for coding. Alternatively, the next questionnaire table may contain a completely different selection of records. The exchange of questionnaire tables continues iteratively for the duration of connotative data collection. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each block of 500 records is evaluated in this manner eight times (corresponding to the eight category lists of connotative descriptors listed in Table 2), each time by 24 different connotative judges selected at random from the pool of 100 to 200 available connotative judges, using a judge-selection technique that stratifies sampling to ensure equal representation according to the guidelines summarized in Table 4. Note that the number of judges selected, the size of the pool and the number of records processed in a given questionnaire may vary. Typically a plurality of panels 82, 83 are formed to evaluate the database 12 records for connotative associations. Different panels 82, 83 receive either the same or different questionnaires 84-89. For the exemplary embodiment where 24 judges evaluate each of 500 records in a given questionnaire, the same 24 judges may or may not evaluate all eight categories of emotional connotations for such 500 records. Quantifying Intensity of Connotative Meanings As previously described each judge receives a questionnaire. In one embodiment the questionnaire is in table format. Each record in the table has multiple fields as listed above in Table 5. Fields 1, 2 and 3 are already complete and correspond to the term, a denotative context for such term, and a part of speech. Field 4 is filled in as described above to identify connotative meaning for the term. Field 5 is to be filled in to record the intensity associated with the connotative meaning provided in Field 4. When a judge indicates that there is no connotative meaning for the term or that the judge does not know the term, or the specific denotative context, then there is no need to quantify an intensity in Field 5. Where a judge is permitted to provide two connotative meanings (e.g., a primary and a secondary connotative meaning) then additional fields are included for each record in the questionnaire (e.g., two corresponding to Field 4 and two corresponding to Field 5). Typically a judge quantifies the intensity of the connotative meaning when selecting the connotative meaning itself. The intensity is a scaled value judgement of the judge. Table 7 lists the ratings scale for one embodiment.
TABLE 7
General Coding Model for Capturing Field 5 Data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
slightly very
intense intense
0 = automatically coded, corresponding
to `00` code entry in Field 4
9 = automatically coded, corresponding
to `99` code entry in Field 4
In a preferred embodiment, a guiding set of anchor terms are included which are prerated for intensity. The judge's review of such guiding set improves consistency and accuracy among many judges completing the questionnaires. Specifically, the anchor terms are terms that are associated with scale numbers that represent the average intensity scores that other people have provided for various terms. Each connotative judge is expected to disagree with some of the scores represented by some of the anchor terms. For this reason, connotative judges are instructed to either, (i) highlight only those anchor terms with which they are comfortable, or (ii) alternatively, cross out those anchor terms with which they are uncomfortable. The connotative judge then compares the term he or she is scaling in the questionnaire table with his or her intensity of feeling associated with the anchored scales, choosing the scale number with the closest match. The anchor terms are representative averages; they do not imply "correctness," but rather provide the connotative judge with indicators of the relative strength of feeling that the connotative judge associates with the chosen emotional descriptor that is meant to be associated with each score number. In effect the anchor terms serve as a way for the judges to calibrate themselves to a scale of intensity. Table 8 presents a typical list of anchor terms associated with a group of emotional descriptors subsumed under the emotional category `Sadness,` which is one of the eight emotional categories previously described.
TABLE 8
Anchor Terms for Scaling Intensity of Connotative Feeling
for the Emotional Category "Sadness"
(NOTE: the numbers 1 through 12 for the anchor words
are merely for reference purposes. NO RANK ORDER is
implied by the numbering within a scale level.)
SCALE LEVEL 7 (very intense sadness)
1. Holocaust - n the mass murder by the Nazis of the Jews
of continental Europe between 1940 and 1945.
2. Auschwitz - n Polish town, site of a Nazi death camp
during World War II.
3. child abuse - n physical, sexual, or emotional ill-treatment
or neglect of a child by parents or other adults.
4. AIDS - n acquired immune (or immuno-) deficiency syndrome.
5. rape victim - n a person who has suffered rape/sexual attack
6. starving person - n a person whose health is deteriorating
from lack of food
7. murder - n the unlawful premeditated killing of one human
being by another
8. cancer - n malignant growth or tumor; uncontrolled cell division
9. suicide - n the act or an instance of killing oneself intentionally
10. death - n the permanent end of all functions of life
11. blind - adj unable to see; sightless
12. insane - adj mentally deranged; crazy; of unsound mind
SCALE LEVEL 6
1. slave - n a person having no freedom and forced
to work for another.
2. abused person - n a person who is maltreated, esp. physically
or sexually.
3. leukemia - n an acute or chronic disease characterized by a
gross proliferation of leucocytes; cancer of the blood.
4. abandon - v to forsake completely; desert; leave behind
5. child pornography - n sexually explicit writings,
pictures, films, etc., of
children designed to stimulate sexual excitement.
6. depression - n a mental disorder characterized by
extreme gloom, feelings of inadequacy,
and inability to concentrate
7. divorce - n the dissolution of a marriage by judgment of a court.
8. starve - v to die or cause to die from lack of food.
9. lonely - adj unhappy as a result of being without
the companionship of others
10. heartless - adj unkind or cruel; hard-hearted
11. hurt - adj injured or pained physically or emotionally
12. suicidal - adj involving, indicating, or tending towards suicide
SCALE LEVEL 5
1. beggar - n a person who begs, esp. one who lives by begging.
2. sufferer - n a person who is undergoing pain, punishment, etc.
3. leper - n a person who has leprosy.
4. victimize - v to punish or discriminate against
selectively or unfairly.
5. lose - v to be without, as through theft, accident, negligence, etc.
6. degrade - v to reduce in worth, character, etc.; disgrace; dishonor.
7. desert - v to leave or abandon, esp. in violation of
a duty, promise.
8. deprive - v to prevent from possessing or enjoying;
dispossess (of).
9. alienate - v to cause to become indifferent, unfriendly,
or hostile; estrange.
10. demoralize - v to undermine the morale of; dishearten.
11. pain - n emotional, mental, or physical suffering or distress.
12. missing - adj not able to be traced and not known to be dead.
SCALE LEVEL 4
1. inmate - n a person confined to an institution
such as a prison or hospital.
2. drunkard - n a person who is frequently or habitually drunk.
3. addict - n a person who is addicted, esp. to narcotic drugs.
4. haunt - v to intrude upon or recur to (the memory, thoughts, etc.)
5. condemn - v to express strong disapproval of; censure.
6. refuse - v to decline to accept (something offered).
7. skid row - n a dilapidated section of a city inhabited
by vagrants, etc.
8. hopeless - adj having or offering no hope.
9. alone - adj apart from another or others; solitary.
10. persecuted - adj oppressed, harassed, or maltreated.
11. unemployed - adj without remunerative employment;
out of work.
12. deformed - adj disfigured or misshapen.
SCALE LEVEL 3
1. wino - n a person who habitually drinks wine
as a means of getting drunk.
2. wretch - n a person pitied for their misfortune.
3. tracks - n needle marks on the skin of an injection drug user.
4. ostracize - v to exclude or banish (a person) from a particular
group, society.
5. forsake - v to give up (something valued or enjoyed).
6. jail - n a place for the confinement of prisoners.
7. lonely - adj unhappy as a result of being without
companionship of others.
8. hungry - adj experiencing pain, weakness, or nausea
through lack of food.
9. rejected - adj not accepted, acknowledged, used, believed, etc.
10. pitiful - adj arousing or deserving sympathy or sorrow.
11. helpless - adj unable to manage independently.
12. let down - adj unfulfilled in expectations; disappointed.
SCALE LEVEL 2
1. drop-out - n a student who fails to complete a
school or college course.
2. lush - n a heavy drinker, esp. an alcoholic.
3. underestimate - v to think insufficiently highly of.
4. flophouse - n a cheap lodging house, esp. one used by tramps.
5. God Bless the Child - n a song written by Billie Holiday
and Arthur Herzog.
6. homesick - adj depressed or melancholy at being away from
home and family.
7. lost - adj confused, bewildered, or helpless.
8. empty - adj without purpose, substance, or value.
9. heavy hearted - adj sad; melancholy.
10. disenchanted - adj disillusioned.
11. unlucky - adj characterized by misfortune or failure.
12. blue - adj depressed, moody, or unhappy.
SCALE LEVEL 1 (slight sadness)
1. wallflower - n a person who stays on the fringes
of a dance or party.
2. gambler - n a person who risks or bets (money)
on games, sports, etc.
3. orphan - n a child, one or (more commonly) both of
whose parents are dead.
4. runaway - n a person who takes flight or escapes.
5. dim - v to cause to seem less bright, as by comparison.
6. coal mine - n a system of excavations made for the
extraction of coal.
7. mobile home - n living quarters mounted on wheels and
capable of being towed.
8. Monday - n the second day of the week;
first day of the working week.
9. comb-over - n a hairstyle in which long hair
from the fringes of the scalp is
arranged to cover and hide a bald
portion of the scalp.
10. colorless - adj grey or pallid in tone or hue.
11. indifferent - adj showing no care or concern; uninterested.
12. resigned - adj acquiescent or submissive.
A judge looks at each anchor term for a given rating in a given emotional category of the categories listed in Table 2. The judge selects one or more anchor terms under a given rating for a given emotional category which the judge feels most closely relates to the intensity rating subjectively felt by the judge. In a preferred embodiment, the anchor terms are updated over time based upon many judges' response entries into Field 5 for each record. In particular the Field 4 and 5 entries are analyzed to identify terms which consistently are judged by many different judges to have the same connotative meaning and the same intensity. Such terms become reliable anchor terms. This is done on an ongoing basis in order to build up a large, reliable database of anchor terms. As indicated above, an 8-point scale (including zero, indicating absence of the specified connotative feeling) is used to capture data for Field 5 in a preferred embodiment of the invention. However anchored scales of smaller or larger size, such a 3, 5, or 9 point scales may be used. Also, the number of anchor words or phrases may be greater than the 12 used in the preferred method, or fewer than 12. The number of anchor terms should be large enough to allow a choice permitting the connotative judge to select only those with which he or she is comfortable. The connotative judge repeats the above steps to input data for Fields 4 and 5 for all records in the questionnaire, then returns the completed questionnaire table via the Internet, then receives another questionnaire table to evaluate. The next questionnaire table received by the connotative judge may contain exactly the same set of terms that was just evaluated, but accompanied by a different list of emotional descriptors to be used for coding Field 4, and a correspondingly different set of anchors for coding Field 5. Alternatively, the next questionnaire table may contain a completely different selection of terms, with a corresponding emotional descriptor list for Field 4 and an anchor term list for Field 5. The exchange of questionnaire tables continues iteratively for the duration of connotative data collection. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each block of 500 records is evaluated in this manner eight times, corresponding to eight emotional categories, each time by 24 different connotative judges. In this manner, a full-language database in any language, associating every context of every word with a very broad range of identified emotional connotations and their individual intensity levels, is constructed. Data Integrity Comparatively analyzing the connotative data associated with each block of records being processed serves to check for data integrity. Checking the data for integrity is part of an automated questionnaire processing function 90 (see FIG. 8). An initial integrity processing step is to determine whether any of the 24 sets of data should be rejected as invalid because of anomalous data. This is accomplished by statistically comparing the score set of each individual judge with the combined score sets of the other 23 judges who evaluated the same set of words using the same lists of emotional descriptors. If the scores between any given judge's data and the aggregate data of the other judges in the panel are not statistically related, then the data set for the anomalous judge is rejected. Anomalous data may arise if, for example, a connotative judge is filling in random data to avoid the mental work involved in providing genuine connotative data, or if a judge is coding a large number of double zeros and ninety-nines, or if a judge's experience is so far out of the mainstream that his or her connotative associations are not representative of the larger population. In a preferred method of practicing the invention, a minimum correlation level of 0.6 is used as a data rejection threshold. For further analysis, it is necessary to determine how many valid non-zero scores remain after purging invalid scores and after accounting for 00 and 99 scores. A determination is then made to ascertain which emotional connotations the judges most often associate with each word or phrase. This is a function of four factors: 1. The number of valid scores remaining after data purging; 2. The number of emotional connotative descriptors in the list the judges had to choose from; 3. The number of judges who selected the same emotional descriptor; and 4. The probability that the same emotional descriptor was selected by more than one judge merely by chance. The multinomial probability distribution below in equation (I) embodies the above factors: ##EQU1## where: n is the total number of independent connotative judges evaluating the record; y is the number of judges selecting a particular emotional descriptor; p is the probability of the emotional descriptor being selected if the selection occurs by chance; q is the probability of an emotional descriptor being excluded if the selection occurs by chance; and P(y) is the probability of the emotional descriptor being selected by y judges if the selections occurred by chance. Tables may be constructed of the probabilities P(y) of connotative judges independently selecting the same emotional descriptors by chance for various panel sizes (e.g., increasing incrementally up to 24, and/or additional panel sizes of 36, 72, 96, 120 or any other panel size), and emotional connotative descriptors available for selection (e.g., increasing incrementally up to 24, with additional category group sizes of 36, 72, 96, 120 or any other corresponding group size). As an example, consider the following set of connotative judgments for one word evaluated by 24 connotative judges on the Amusement/Excitement emotional category, which subsumes 16 emotional descriptors. The total number of valid judgments after purging is 21 (Table 9).
TABLE 9
Example of Field 4 and 5 Questionnaire Table Scores
Emotional Field 4 "Votes" Received Field 5
Descriptors from Connotative Judges Intensity Scores
Amazement 0
Amusement 3 5, 3, 5
Astonishment 0
Eagerness 2 5, 4
Enthusiasm 0
Excitement 1 4
Exhilaration 1 5
Exuberance 1 4
Fun 0
Glee 5 3, 4, 6, 4, 4
Hilarity 3 4, 4, 5
Merriment 1 5
Mirth 3 6, 4, 5
Surprise 0
Thrill 1 4
Wonder 0
The associated probabilities of chance selection of the same emotional descriptor by independent connotative judges, according to equation (I), are as follows:
Number of
Judges Selecting Probability of
the Same Category Chance Selection
0 0.258
1 0.361
2 0.241
3 0.102
4 0.030
5 0.007
In this example, only one emotional descriptor, "Glee," has been selected by enough independent connotative judges (5 judges) to meet the test of statistical significance, and is retained in the main database 12 as a connotative association for the word or phrase being evaluated. For any given word or phrase, selection of emotional descriptors from one emotional category does not preclude selection of emotional descriptors from other emotional categories. Any given word or phrase is apt to evoke several kinds of emotional response simultaneously. Therefore, the same word or phrase is also evaluated in an identical manner on the other seven categories of emotional connotations listed in Table 2. Thus, the word or phrase may, or may not, finish with more connotative emotional descriptors added when the data collection procedure has been completed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, words and phrases that receive no votes from the connotative judges on any of the connotative groupings, or too few votes on all eight connotative groupings to meet the test of statistical significance, are tagged as "non-connotative," so that such words may be optionally excluded from further analysis or database querying. As for connotative intensity, all 21 scores in the above example are valid, not just the 5 scores for the specific emotional descriptor "Glee," because the 21 Field-5 scores represent the general emotional category, "Amusement/Excitement," which subsumes the specific emotional descriptor, "Glee." By completion of data analysis, each of the eight emotional variables contains one mean (i.e., average) intensity score for each word or phrase. An unbiased estimate of the variance of the sample of 21 anchored intensity scores in Table 9 is calculated according to the following variance formula: ##EQU2## from which the standard error of the mean for the sample is estimated in accordance with the following formula: ##EQU3## where: ##EQU4## In the present example, the average of the 21-score sample of Field-5 data presented in Table 9 is 4.4. The standard deviation of the 21-score sample is approximately 0.81, which, when divided by 21 yields a standard error of the mean of about 0.177, for a 95% confidence level about the mean of .+-.0.35. Further accuracy is obtained by programming the computer to identify and purge "outlier" scores. This is accomplished by comparing each score with the mean and purging scores that are higher or lower than a statistically specified distance from the mean. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, words and phrases that receive no Field-4 emotional descriptor votes from the connotative judges on any of the eight emotional categories (and therefore no Field-5 intensity scores) are tagged as "non-connotative," so that, at the user's option, such words may be excluded from further analysis or database querying. Identifying Human Interest Area Relating to a Record The Human Interest fields 48 may be defined in the same manner as the Field 4 data of Table 5. However, because the human interest fields are less subjective and relate more directly to denotative context, in a preferred embodiment assigned editors are used to define most of the human interest fields. However several variables on the Table 3 list of human interest fields, such as "Abstract-Concrete," "Power," and "Activity" are better left to evaluation by panels of connotative judges. These fields are defined as described above for the field 4 data and are subject to the same or similar data integrity procedures. A preferred embodiment of the invention such as the one described herein is both human-judgment based and dynamic, reflecting the human and dynamic nature of language. Since the data provided by the connotative judges are key to the system and method, one may wish to establish a program of continuous update of the database, either at prescribed intervals or on an ongoing basis, such as through a World Wide Web site. In this way, connotative judges would be able to supply data continuously, with turnover of connotative judges easily managed, and the database, particularly the connotative component, kept completely up to date. In one embodiment participating judges periodically or aperiodically receive a mini-database via e-mail or by logging onto a web site. The mini-database serves as the questionnaire allowing the judge to enter a code for the connotative association (see table 6) for a given emotional category (see table 2). The results are then processed as described above for data integrity (see questionnaire processing 90 of FIG. 9 and related description). By practicing the above method and system of the present invention, a complete and accurate connotative language reference map and database is constructed in any language, which then can be used to construct connotative equivalents of denotative language reference resources, such as connotative dictionaries, connotative thesauruses, and connotative text analysis tools. In addition, the anchored system of judgment elicitation may be applied in any field requiring accuracy in the elicitation of qualitative data where Likert-type scaling is applicable. Meritorious and Advantageous Effects One advantage of the system for identifying connotative meanings is that reliable associations, including connotative descriptions and intensities, are identified for given words and phrases in each of their denotative contexts. Another advantage is that the associations are maintained over time with changes in the vernacular or other changes/occurrences affecting connotative association. Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the foregoing description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the inventions which are defined by the appended claims.
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