System and method for authentication of network users with preprocessing6282658Abstract A network authentication system provides verification of the identity or other attributes of a network user to conduct a transaction, access data or avail themselves of other resources. The user is presented with a hierarchy of queries based on wallet-type (basic identification) and non-wallet type (more private) information designed to ensure the identity of the user and prevent fraud, false negatives and other undesirable results. A preprocessing stage is employed to ensure correct formatting of the input information and clean up routine mistakes (such as missing digits, typos, etc.) that might otherwise halt the transaction. The authenticator can be configured to require differing levels of input or award differing levels of authentication according to security criteria. Claims What is claimed is: Description FIELD OF THE INVENTION
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTION REQ/OPT
Last Name R
First Name R
Middle Initial 0
Suffix 0
Maiden Name, if applicable 0
Current Address (CA) R
At CA < 2 Years Indicator (Y/N) R
Former Address R only if At CA < 2 Years
Indicator is Y, otherwise
Optional
Home Phone Number R
Area Code Change Indicator (Y/N) R
Home Phone Published Indicator (Y/N) R
Work Phone Number 0
Gender R
Date of Birth R
Social Security Number R
Drivers License Indicator (Y/N) R
Drivers License Number (DL) R only if DL Indicator set to Y,
otherwise Optional
Drivers License State of Issue R only if DL Indicator set to Y,
otherwise Optional
Mother's Maiden Name 0
Year of High School Graduation 0
Number of Siblings 0, includes half and step siblings
Email Address 0
Other, non-wallet information, which is used for subsequent levels of authentication, can be collected during preprocessing step 26 or deferred until a later phase of the authentication process 10. A user failing to supply this information during preprocessing step 26 may be reprompted for it, and processing may or may not continue in the event the user never supplies information designated as required. This information preferably includes:
TABLE 2
DESCRIPTION REQ/OPT
Name of Lender R, only if Second Level Authentication used
Loan Account Number 0
Loan Type Indicator R, only if Second Level Authentication used
Monthly Payment Amount R, only if Second Level Authentication used
Preprocessing step 26 may thus include a set of validation checks including standard field checks, social security number validation, address validation, area code validation, and driver's license validation and other preliminary data verification. It is preferable that preprocessing occur in the order presented, in part due to data dependencies of later checks on the earlier ones. However, it will be understood that the order may be rearranged, and different preprocessing checks may be employed. The enumerated validation checks are discussed in more detail in order below. First, standard field checks preferably occur at client 110, where and when the requested data is collected, to ensure that all required data is present and all provided data is in the proper format and meets minimum requirements. Completing this processing at client 110 minimizes the number of requests that must be terminated at this early point in the authentication process due to formally incorrect data. This is particularly important when the user is not present at the time of authentication, such as when requests are submitted in batch form rather than interactively. In general, the standard field checks make sure that an expected range or format of characters are input by the user, appropriate to individual queries and data types. The following is preferably accomplished during standard field checks: 1) All required fields must be present. 2) All provided fields must be in the proper format. First name must have at least one letter provided. Phone numbers must have 10 digits. Social security number must have 9 digits. Social security number must not have all 9 digits the same. Social security number's first 3 digits must not be equal to 000. Social security number's 4.sup.th and 5.sup.th digits must not be equal to 00. Social security number's last 4 digits must not be equal to 0000. 3) Specified fields must meet additional requirements. Age, derived from date of birth, must be 18 years old or older (However, a telephone number and drivers license may still be verified, even if a credit file is not available). Email address must contain an @ sign and a ".com" or other domain. The user is preferably afforded up to two additional attempts to correct any fields that do not meet the standard field check requirements. If any field cannot be corrected after a total of three attempts, the authentication process 10 is preferably aborted. If the request has been successfully completed as determined by the standard field check portion of preprocessing step 26, the request may continue to the next preprocessing check. At that next stage of standard field checks, the social security number may be checked for some or all of the following: Social security number contains 9 digits Social security number.noteq.000000000, 11111111, . . . , 999999999. Social security number first 3 digits.noteq.000 Social security number 4th and 5th digits.noteq.00 Social security number last 4 digits.noteq.0000 Social security number does not match any social security number found on the social security number fraud table. Social security number is in the issued range as determined by a lookup on the social security number range table. Date of birth agrees with the social security number issue dates. The check against the published social security number fraud table is used to ensure that the supplied social security number is not listed as fraudulent. Such a table may be obtained from any of a number of sources including, for example, credit reporting companies or law enforcement agencies. The social security number range table is used to ensure that the supplied social security number is not an invalid number. Such a table may be obtained from any of a number of sources including, for example, governmental agencies. Once it has been determined that the social security number has been issued, and a range of issue dates is known, the date of birth provided on the request can be compared to the date range for consistency. It is thus possible to perform another check to ensure that the social security number is valid based upon date of birth information. The user is preferably given only one additional attempt to correct social security number information that has been rejected by social security number validation checking. If the social security number cannot be accepted after a total of two tries, authentication process 10 is preferably aborted. Next, the validity of address information is confirmed, preferably using an address correction and standardization package (such as the PostalSoft package available from First Logic Corp.). For current address, and former address if provided, the package may: Verify that the city, state and zip code agree. If only a city and state are provided, the package may be able to add the zip code. If only a zip code is provided, the package usually can add the city and state. Standardize the address line. The package can correct misspelled street names, fill in missing information and strip out unnecessary punctuation marks and spaces. Identify undeliverable addresses (i.e., vacant lots, condemned buildings, etc.). Create a status code that tells how an input address had to be corrected. Create an error code that tells why an input address could not be matched, or assigned. Responses, or actions, for each of the possible address-related status codes or error codes in error code matrix 156 (illustrated in FIGS. 9-11 ) are provided as output during the preprocessing step 26. The user is preferably given only one additional attempt to correct each address that has been rejected by address validation. If the address cannot be corrected after a total of two attempts, the request proceeds as designated in the response matrix 154 illustrated in FIGS. 9-11. The response matrix 154 may be located on authentication server 120, in authorization database 152 or elsewhere and serve to associate messages with test results and transaction records during the address portion of preprocessing step 26, concurrently with overall application processing. In other words, the response matrix 154 sends messages to client 110 based upon specific verification tests or based upon the current status of the transaction record 112. For example, the message may prompt the user to verify that data which was input is correct or a message to direct the user to call customer service for manual intervention. The response matrix 154 is preferably parameter driven, so that appropriate messages can be associated with particular events. The area code for the home phone number is preferably checked to determine if it is valid for the state supplied in the current address, in preprocessing step 26. The area code and state provided in connection with the request are compared with an entry for the area code in an area code table, available from database and other sources. The area code table contains area code information for each of the area code locations in the geographic area being served. The database for the area code and associated information may be preferably implemented, for example, using the commercially available MetroNet package. The phone number database information may be stored in phone database 180 connected to authentication server 120, or otherwise. The consistency of area code to state of residence may, for instance, be checked. The user is preferably given only one additional attempt to correct home phone number information that has been rejected by the area code validation check. After the home phone number has been accepted or after a total of two tries, the process indicates the result, valid or not valid, in the transaction record 112 and proceeds. Next, the drivers license number is checked to ensure that the format of the number is consistent with the format for the state of issue. An algorithm may look up the state of issue and compare the driver's license number provided in the request with the accepted format for the state. The user is preferably given only one additional attempt to correct driver's license number information that has been rejected by the driver's license check (or may be terminated immediately, according to vendor preference) After the driver's license number has been accepted or after a total of two tries, the authentication process 10 indicates the result, valid or not valid, in the transaction record 112 and proceeds. In the event the user will be paying for a product or service with a credit card, authentication process 10 may invoke credit card verification at this point. In this case, checks may be executed against a credit card database. These checks may include ensuring that the available credit line is sufficient to make the purchase, ensuring that the billing address for the credit card in the database matches the submitted address, and ensuring that the credit card is not stolen. Databases presenting this sort of information are commercially available. Preprocessing step 26 thus may include internal corrections as well as comparisons of user-supplied data to known data which may be obtained from separate sources. Those sources may be third party databases such as commercial or government databases, or internal databases. Preferably, however, preprocessing step 26 is limited to checking user-supplied data against wallet-type data which is relatively conveniently, and locally, accessed. Preprocessing step 26 consequently offers increased certainty of authentication by using additional databases and requiring internal consistency as a predicate to first and second level authentication. In conjunction with the checks carried out by preprocessing step 26, credit database 160 may be any suitable consumer credit history database available from various sources including credit reporting companies such as Equifax.TM.. Mail database 170 and phone database 180 may be any suitable databases providing address and telephone information for the relevant geographic area (e.g., MetroMail which is a compendium of regional Bell operating company-supplied information). Other databases 190 may include, for example, a check services drivers license database which provides information concerning check validity. Any commercially available or internal database or others may be employed in processing the verification substeps of the preprocessing step 26. Additionally, the checks of preprocessing step 26 may include the use of a credit card application fraud model, or some other model which statistically analyzes response data. For example, the data supplied by the user may be modeled and graded for confidence level based upon empirical models supplied by third party vendors or available internally. An illustration of pattern recognition criteria that may be employed in this regard by the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 17 and 18. As illustrated in those figures, in general the invention monitors user input recorded in transaction record 112 or otherwise for repetitive attempts at authentication, which may represent attempted fraud or some type of network attack. In such instances, and as illustrated in pattern recognition criteria matrix 904 shown in FIG. 17, the input may include valid portions of information such as a social security number but varying unsuccessful attempts to find valid input for other fields. At any time during authentication process 10, the invention may preempt the authentication event and terminate the session when pattern recognition senses a significant probability of irregularity. Different responses to different types of detected potential fraudulent transactions are shown in the pattern recognition match action matrix 912 of FIG. 19. As illustrated in the figure, different types of inconsistencies may result in different actions, including the locking out of suspected fraudulent entries for such patterns as the same name under varying email addresses. Other inconsistencies may result in the starting of the authentication process 10 over again (QILT entries) at user request. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the data supplied by the user must match a record from at least two data sources to graduate from the preprocessing step 26. This increases the level of certainty that the user's identity is genuine before graduating from that stage. Matching routines, implemented for each data source and type of check, compare query data to known source data and preferably assign a value to every match instance. This value may be termed an authenticity certainty score. An authenticity certainty score may be accumulated based upon the collective values assigned for each match instance of preprocessing step 26. The authenticity certainty score may be employed and compared against predetermined thresholds to determine the next action for the request (i.e., approve, approve with restrictions, deny, go to first or other level preprocessing). If the data provided by the user does not meet the requirements of some or all of the checks of preprocessing step 26, a message may be returned to the user via link 150 requesting the data in question be corrected and resubmitted. Upon resubmission, the input data will again be analyzed. Alternatively, authentication process 10 may be preconfigured to immediately reject a request based upon a failure to satisfy a minimum level during preprocessing step 26. If the request is identified as a result of the association check 24 or other analysis as possibly fraudulent using the association check or otherwise, a message may be returned to client 110 indicating that the request cannot be processed automatically and that manual processing such as calling customer service is necessary. Biometric data may be employed either alone or in combination with the above preprocessing as well as subsequent authentication levels to ensure the identity of a user. That biometric data may include, for example, fingerprint information from the user, captured in analog or digital form, for instance, via an imprint peripheral connected to client 110. Biometric data may also include infrared or other retinal or iris scans, or finger or hand geometry matches. Likewise, biometric data used by the invention may also include handwriting recognition, voice recognition using digitized sampling or other means or facial recognition input from video or other devices. The biometric data may also include DNA database matching. In general, any biometric technology now existing or developed in the future may be incorporated in the invention. The biometric data may be used as input fields or records in the preprocessing, first or second authentication level stages. Alternatively, biometric data may be used as a key to unlock and release a digital certificate 902 issued to the user, to be stored on client 110 or otherwise. FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating the overall authentication process according to the invention. Authentication process 10 starts at step 12. The authentication process 10 prompts a user for first level information at step 14. Again, the first type of information is preferably wallet-type information, that is, information such as name, address, driver's license or other information commonly carried on the person. The user inputs that first level information via a keyboard, mouse, voice digitizer or other suitable input mechanism at step 16 Step 18 identifies that the user has completed first level information input. Step 20 transmits the input. The transaction record 112 is initialized at step 22. Step 24 performs an association check on the information input by the user. Authentication process 10 may then invoke the preprocessing step 26 discussed above. If preprocessing step 26 is included, step 28 may also be provided, which determines whether preprocessing step 26 is complete. If preprocessing step 26 is not complete, authentication process 10 may return to step 14 to prompt the user for omitted, corrected or additional information, return to step 16 to allow the user to input information, or end authentication process at step 30. If preprocessing step 26 is complete, authentication process 10 proceeds to step 32 of first level authentication. Authentication process 10 matches, at step 32, the first type of information input by the user with information received from one or more separate data sources. Based on that comparison, authentication process 10 determines whether the first level authentication is complete at step 34. If the first level authentication is not complete, authentication process 10 may return to step 14 to prompt the user for omitted, corrected or additional information, return to step 16 to allow the user to input information, or end authentication process at step 36. If the first level authentication is complete, authentication process 10 determines at step 38 whether the user should be authenticated. If the user has not been rejected outright but has not yet been authenticated, authentication process 10 proceeds to step 40, second level authentication. Step 40 request and tests the user's input of a second type of information, which is preferably non-wallet type information. Authentication process 10 determines whether a request for information has been repeated more than a predetermined number of times at step 42. If the attempt exceeds the predetermined limit, authentication process 10 ends at step 44. If the attempt does not exceed the predetermined limit, authentication process 10 determines whether step 40 is complete at step 46. If step 40 is complete, authentication process 10 renders an authentication decision at step 48, then ends at step 50. If step 40 is not complete, authentication process may return to step 38 or end at step 47. FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating the process of the first level authentication step 32 in more detail. First level authentication process 32 initiates at first level comparing step 52. In the first level comparing step 52 compares the information input by the user with information about the user retrieved from one or more known data sources. The user may be queried in the first level authentication step 32 for similar information to that accepted during the preprocessing step 26, or for refined or additional information. During processing of any user-input phone number information in the first level authentication step 32 after preprocessing step 26 (but preferably not in preprocessing step 26 itself), if the user indicates that they have been at the home telephone number for less than four months, the home telephone number and related source information may be preferably further checked against an electronic directory assistance source, for better currency as compared to an offline database. During processing of any user-input driver's license information in the first level authentication step 32 (but preferably not in preprocessing step 26 ), any further checks against the driver's license database may be preferably implemented, for example, using the commercially available ChoicePoint drivers license database. Information from that external database is generally derived from official department of motor vehicle records or insurance claims information, the content of which may vary by state of issue. Step 54 assigns values and priorities to each response input by the user. Information that is of greater significance may be assigned a higher value or priority. The transaction record 112 (illustrated in FIGS. 13-16 ) initialized in step 22 is used throughout the authentication process 10 to keep track of user input and authentication results. After the appropriate queries have been processed and all results stored in the transaction record 112, the transaction record 112 is used to determine an authentication score with respect to the request. Step 56 calculates the total authentication score, and optionally, a score for each data source, data field, etc. The results are categorized as a big hit (B), a regular hit (R), a possible hit (P), or no hit (N) depending on results. Those results may then be combined with the results of second level authentication process 40 to determine an overall authenticity certainty score, as illustrated in FIGS. 23-28 and discussed below. Authentication process 10 determines whether one or more of the authentication scores is greater than or equal to a predetermined authentication value or threshold at step 58. If the authentication scores are greater than or equal to the predetermined authentication value, authentication process 10 renders an authentication decision at step 60 and then ends at step 62. If one or more of the scores are less than their corresponding predetermined authentication value, authentication process 10 determines whether the level of certainty meets a predetermined certainty level at step 64. If the level of certainty is below the predetermined certainty level, authentication process 10 ends at step 66. Otherwise, authentication process 10 determines whether corrected or additional first type information is needed at step 68. If no other information is needed, authentication proceeds to step 40, second level authentication. If user input information needs to be revised, authentication process 10 may return to step 14 or step 16. FIGS. 31-33 illustrate a set of queries associated with preprocessing step 26 and first level authentication 32 in an example authentication session according to the invention. As can be seen in the figures, these phases of the invention query for and process wallet-type information to reach a first level of confidence about the genuineness of the user's identity. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the second level authentication process 40 in more detail. Second level authentication process 40 begins with step 310. Step 310 accesses available second type information from data sources, such as a credit file. Step 312 prompts the user for second type information from within that determined to be available in step 310. Step 314 determines whether the user input matches the accessed information. In the execution of second level authentication process 40, authentication server 120 may access credit database 160. Credit database 160 may be preferably implemented, for example, using a commercially available Equifax.TM. consumer credit file, in the ACRO file format. Inquiries may be transmitted back and forth between application server 130 and authentication server 120 during second level authentication process, using the System-to-System 93 (STS) inquiry format for these types of data files, as will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art. Credit line information returned from credit database 160 may be in System-to-System file fixed format (FFF), consistent with the ACRO file configuration. Second level authentication process 40 executes the search against credit database 160 to match the user's input against data in that file. The search maybe carried out according to the ACRO L90 search format, with results again categorized as a big hit (B), a regular hit (R), a possible hit (P), or no hit (N) depending on results, which in one embodiment are returned to authentication server 120 starting in ACRO header segment position 285 in a 13 byte segment. Matches or no matches are returned as logical flags within that header segment. If the information matches, authentication process 10 either provides a higher degree authentication in step 316 or issues another degree of authentication in step 318. If the information does not match, authentication process 10 may issue a lower degree authentication, return to step 312 or end at step 324. An example of point scoring used in second level authentication according to the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 20 and 21. The scoring matrix 906 of FIG. 20 includes a set of point values for point values related to trade line accounts which the user may have, on a sliding scale according to the relative degree of significance of various accounts. In general, and as indicated in the relative weight matrix of FIG. 21, the proper identification of a lender name is given greater weight compared to monthly payment amount or terms of account data. In FIG. 22, the resulting certainty scores are ranked according to four categories of big hit (B), regular hit (R), probable hit (P), and no hit (N). Different combinations of accounts may lead to different maximum scores, according to the reliability or significance of the accounts available for second level authentication step 40. Upon completion of both the first level authentication step 32 and second level authentication step 40, results of all checking may be assembled to determine an overall authenticity certainty score, values for which are illustrated in the overall certainty scoring matrix 918 of FIGS. 23-28. In general in those figures, big hits on credit file (second level authentication) checks contribute to higher overall certainty scores, which are normalized to 0 to 100. However, preferably no single check qualifies or disqualifies a user from authentication. Rather, according to the invention the aggregate weighting of all the user's response is factored into a variety of possible score ranges, depending on how highly the information they supplied correlates to the entire collection of data sources used by the invention. The scoring levels may be aggregated as shown in the assignment matrix 920 of FIG. 29 to develop a tiered categorization (B, R, P, N) for all levels of authentication, and generate responses according to threshold table 922 as illustrated in FIG. 30. While particular numerical levels are shown in those matrices, it will be appreciated that the different scores and tiers are selectable or scalable according to application needs, in the invention. FIGS. 34-36 illustrate a set of queries in screen shot form associated with second level authentication step 40 in an example authentication session according to the invention. In general, at this stage the authentication process 10 identifies and accesses trade (credit) line information to query for data of a specific and private nature, which enhances the security profile of the user. In the example shown, both credit and merchant or trade line accounts are queried for lender identity and amounts. Accurate identification results in authentication, followed by issuance of a digital certificate 902 as desired. The system and method of the invention are customizable to allow a vendor operating an authenticating server 120 to set various parameters, including the thresholds or predetermined levels at different points of authentication process 10. If the predetermined authentication or certainty level has not been reached for a particular data source or data field, the user may not be eligible for authentication, or a higher degree of authentication. If a user successfully completes preprocessing, first and second authentication, in one embodiment the invention may issue a digital certificate 902 to the user, as illustrated in FIGS. 37-41. As illustrated in FIGS. 37-40, after an indication of successful authentication the user is directed to input identification and challenge or password information to generate and store digital certificate 902. The digital certificate 902 contains a set of fields including user identification, a digital certificate serial number, an expiration period, as well as information related to the issuer of the digital certificate and fingerprint data for the digital certificate. The digital certificate 902 may be preferably stored in secure fashion on client 110, that is, protected by user identification and challenge or password queries before the recipient can release the digital certificate 902 for further transactions, as illustrated in FIGS. 37 and 38. Digital certificate 902 may be a data file stored in common machine readable format that upon proper release by the user can be presented to other authentication servers for later transactions, as evidence of identity and avoiding the need to reauthenticate the user for later events. As illustrated, digital certificate 902 contains an expiration field, but the certificate can be generated to persist indefinitely. Digital certificate 902 may be updated using a full or abbreviated authentication process 10 according to the invention, according to the grade of security required for particular future transactions. For example, a digital certificate 902 may be issued recording a medium grade of confidence of the user's identity, but to execute a sensitive transaction, the user may need to update and upgrade the digital certificate 902 to perform that later transaction. Although illustrated with two levels of authentication processing, it will be understood that the invention contemplates three or more levels of authentication performing additional checks using additional databases or prompting the user for more information, when appropriate to transaction requirements. Any of the levels of the authentication process 10 may be implemented via an interactive query format, e.g., using a multiple choice check-off box. At no time during presentation of the interactive query is the user presented with potential answers revealing only correct information, so that identification information cannot be captured simply by entering authentication process 10. Moreover, in the implementation of the invention it is possible to follow the entire authentication process 10 with a consumer profiling step, in which the now-authenticated user identity is associated with purchase, travel, geographic and other information to enable more highly targeted marketing or transaction activity. In general, in the execution of the authentication process 10 of the invention, answers to the interactive query questions are given highest relative weighting, followed by authentication checks against a user's credit file, followed by telephone information and then driver's license information. As shown in FIG. 4 and described above, the preprocessing step 26 may be conducted before the hierarchy of authentication levels and include several preliminary procedures, mainly designed to ensure consistency in format. Discussion will return to preprocessing step 26 to describe the preprocessing stage in more detail in conjunction with FIGS. 5-8. It will be understood that various combinations of standardization 400, formatting verification 410, verifying consistency 420, and verifying data validity 430 may be incorporated into the preprocessing step 26. As illustrated in FIG. 1, after preprocessing step 26 is executed a decision 28 is made whether authentication should proceed. The decision 28 may result in a return to initial step 14 or an end to the automated authentication process 10 at step 30. If preprocessing step 26 includes a formatting verification 410, the following process may be followed. The user input data is checked at step 500 to determine that it is properly formatted. For example, the data may be checked to verify that the required fields have been entered (e.g., user name) or that the proper number of characters have been entered (e.g., nine digits for a social security number). If the result of the decision step 500 is that the data is not in the proper form, a determination is made at step 510 whether the user has been prompted for this information previously. The authentication process 10 may be configured to allow a predetermined number of chances for the user to input data in the correct format. If the number of attempts exceeds the predetermined number, the process may terminate at step 520. If the predetermined number of chances has not been exceeded, the user may be prompted to input the data in the correct format at step 530. If the data is in the correct format, the process proceeds to step 540. FIG. 6 depicts the process for standardization 400 of the data. At step 600 a determination is made whether the data is in the proper standard form. For example, the user's postal address may be checked for misspelled street names, or unnecessary punctuation. If the determination 600 finds the data to be non-standard, a determination 610 is made whether the non-standard data can be corrected. If the data can be corrected, it may be accomplished at step 620 by internal or other processes. If the data cannot be corrected, a determination is made at step 630 whether the user has been prompted for this information previously. The authentication process may be configured to allow a predetermined number of chances for the user to input data in the correct format. If the number of attempts exceeds the predetermined number, the process may terminate at step 640. If the predetermined number of chances has not been exceeded, the user may be prompted to input standard data at step 650. If the data is in standard form, the process proceeds to the step 660. FIG. 7 depicts the process for determining the validity 430 of the data. For example, the validity may be verified by determining at step 700 whether the data is valid (e.g., does the social security number match any social security number found on the published deceased or fraudulent table). If the determination is made that the data is invalid, a determination is made at step 710 whether the user has been prompted for this information previously. If the number of attempts exceeds the predetermined number, the process may update the transaction record at step 720 to reflect the presence of the invalid data. After the transaction record 112 is updated in step 720, an additional determination is made at step 730 of whether the process can proceed with this invalid data. If not, the process may terminate at step 740. If it can, the process may proceed to step 750. If the predetermined number of chances has not been exceeded, the user may be prompted to input valid data at step 760. If the data is valid, the process proceeds to step 750. A similar process may be followed to determine whether the data is consistent at step 420, as illustrated in FIG. 8. In step 760, the determination is made whether the data from separate field entries are consistent. For example, data may be checked to verify that the area code entered matches the zip code entered. If the determination is made that the data entered by the user is not consistent, a determination is made at step 770 whether the user has been prompted for this information previously. If the number of attempts exceeds the predetermined number, the process may update the transaction record 112 in step 780 to reflect the presence of the inconsistent data. After the transaction record 112 is updated 780, an additional determination is made at step 790 of whether the process can proceed with this inconsistent data. If not, the process may terminate at step 800. If it can, the process may proceed to step 810. If the predetermined number of chances has not been exceeded, the user may be prompted to input valid data at step 820. If the data is valid, the process proceeds to step 810 and the next preprocessing check. FIGS. 9-11 show an example of the use of a matrix to verify address information in processing validity 430 or consistency 420. As shown, the verification process, which may be implemented using the commercially available PostalSoft, generates a matrix of address values to determine certain address information. FIG. 10 shows an example of certain error codes which may be generated to prompt user responses according to PostalSoft format when entered values, such as zip code, are not in proper format. FIG. 11 shows an example of certain actions and messages according to other types of data entered during processing for consistency 420. Generally speaking, there are several ways to administer the queries at the various levels of authentication of the invention, depending upon the requirements of the transaction. If the user is available at the time of application for an interactive dialog (e.g., Internet request), a multiple choice questionnaire is preferably dynamically created by authentication process 10 and presented to the user, through client 110, for completion. Multiple choice alternatives for each question are preferably selected based upon the regional biases of the user, if applicable, and are designed to make it difficult for a fraudulent applicant to correctly guess the answers. That is, potential selections for various credit line or merchant account providers are provided in the same general geographic region as the user's home address, so that credit line account vendors are not obviously wrong based on location. The user points and clicks on their selections, or provides answers in some other suitable way. The user-supplied answers are then returned to authentication process 10 by client 110 for automated evaluation. If the user is not present at the time of application (e.g. batch submission), the information required to administer validation is provided on the initial application. If the user supplies account numbers, second level authentication step 40 will attempt to make the comparisons automatically. However, if the comparisons cannot be made automatically or the account numbers are not provided, the comparisons may be accomplished manually through human intervention. The results are returned to second level authentication step 40 for final evaluation. FIG. 18 illustrates an example authentication carried out according to authentication process 10 of the invention. In general, as illustrated in that figure, the user presents name, social security number, date of birth, email and mailing address information, followed by home telephone number and driver's license data. That information is accepted and processed through preprocessing step 26 and first level authentication step 32, after which it is determined that the data are consistent and merit proceeding to second level authentication step 40. In second level authentication step 40, a sequence of questions are presented in an interactive query directed to mortgage account information, requesting lender and amount information followed by other merchant account information. Following successful authentication, the user is asked whether they wish to generate digital certificate 902, which is generated recording the successful authentication and protecting the digital certificate 902 by way of identification and challenge question data. Any or all of the processing steps described above can be invoked selectively or rearranged to constitute a complete authentication process 10. The requirements of the transaction will determine which processes to combine for particular authentication needs. It is possible to configure several different implementations as standard offerings. The party employing the authentication system (vendor) can either use these standard offerings, or customize a configuration to their needs. With any implementation, the invention allows flexibility in determining certainty of authenticity, either through process configuration or setting certainty thresholds. In the practice of the invention, in the event of temporary downtime or other unavailability of any of the data sources used for comparison, the invention may revert to a backup source for that particular type of information (which may be generally consistent but not as current), substitute another data source, or take other action. FIG. 42 illustrates an offline remote authentication embodiment of the invention, in which some processing including delivery of a validated ID is conducted using ordinary mail. As illustrated in FIG. 42, in this embodiment, a remote authentication system 1002 controls two processing objects, a remote authentication object with a social security number field 1004, and a remote authentication object without a social security number field 1006. The remote authentication system 1002 invokes the remote authentication object 1004 when a user has presented a social security number, in an online application for a credit or other transaction. The remote authentication object 1004 may invoke the preprocessing step 26, to process standard field checks as in the other embodiments above. In this embodiment, in part because of the requirements for mail delivery, failure of one or more data fields for address standardization, such as zip code errors, blank fields, foreign addresses, and undeliverables may result in a failure state 1018. The failure state 1018 may also be reached when age is less than a predetermined level, or standard social security checks as described above are not met. Other factors which may result in a failure state 1018 include mismatches concerning telephone numbers, social security numbers and fraud victim indicators present in a credit file. If the remote authentication object 1004 determines that the user has achieved a sufficient score during preprocessing step 26 and any further processing steps, the pass state 1008 may be reached. Online issuance of a digital certificate 902 or other authentication may ensue. However, if the remote authentication object 1004 determines that the user's score lies between those designated for a pass state 1008 and a failure state 1018, the remote authentication object may offer an offline authentication state 1010, in which verification is transmitted using regular mail. In this condition, offline authentication state 1010 invokes mailability filter 1012, which tests for matches on first initial, last name, a house number and zip code from at least one address database, as well as consistency of age and year of birth and a social security number which is either valid or shows no more than a small number of digit transpositions. Other criteria may be applied. If a sufficient score is reached in the mailability filter 1012 processing, a mail state 1014 is reached in which the entered addressing information is used to transmit a PIN or other identification information to the user via regular mail. If a sufficient score is not reached in the mailability filter 1012, a failure state 1016 is reached, no verification is sent by mail and processing terminates. If a user fails to supply a social security number, as illustrated in FIG. 42 control is passed to remote authentication object 1006, which may apply the preprocessing step 26 and further steps to test inputted user information. If the inputted user information does not reach a predetermined threshold, control passes to a failure state 1022. If a sufficient authentication score is reached, processing proceeds to offline authentication object 1020. Offline authentication object 1020 invokes mailability filter 1024 which processes the user-supplied input without a social security number to determine whether address standardization, age-related, address-related, or fraud flags are present. If a sufficient authentication score is reached in mailability filter 1024, control passes to the mail state 1026, in which a valid identification PIN is transmitted to the user at the entered address using regular mail. Conversely, if mailability filter 1024 is not satisfied, a failure state 1028 is reached in which no material is mailed and processing terminates. An embodiment of the remote authentication system 1002 is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 43, in which a social security supply object 1030 tests whether the user is capable of providing a social security number field. If the user is capable of providing a social security number field, control proceeds to pass test module 1032, which may perform preprocessing step 26, first level authentication step 32, second level authentication step 40 or other processing. If the user passes those levels of authentication with a sufficient score, control passes to an earned icon state 1034, providing the user with an online authentication icon, digital certificate 902 or other issued verification. If the pass test module 1032 is not passed, a fatal error object 1036 may test for fatal errors in social security, address, age-related or other desired data fields. If fatal error object 1036 does not detect a fatal error, control passes to a mailability filter 1038 which tests for mailability using zip code and state, name, deliverability and other field checks, after which a mail state 1040 is entered if the user has successfully established reliable information. After mail state 1040 is entered, both the PIN may be mailed via regular mail and a user icon issued in earned icon state 1042. Conversely, if either the fatal error object 1036 or mailability filter 1038 are not satisfied with the information the user has entered, a failure state 1044 is entered, and processing ends without transmitting an ID via mail or an icon being issued. As illustrated in FIG. 44, alternatively if the user is not capable of supplying a social security number to social security test object 1030, then control passes to fatal error object 1046. If no fatal error is detected by fatal error object 1046, control is passed to mailability filter 1048, which tests for deliverable mailing information, as above. If mailability filter 1048 is satisfied, the mail state 1050 is reached in which a regular PIN identification is mailed via mail to the user, after which an earned icon state 1052 is reached, issuing the user an online icon identification. Conversely, if either the fatal error object 1046 or mailability filter 1048 are not satisfied, a failure state 1054 is reached, and processing ends. The foregoing description of the authentication system and method of the invention is illustrative, and variations in construction and implementation will occur to persons skilled in the art. For instance, while the invention has been generally described as involving a single user supplying authentication information in a single interactive session or alternatively in batch mode, both queries and user input may be provided at different times using different input modes, when the transaction allows. This may be the case for instance when the transaction involves setting up an online subscription to publications or services. For further example, while the invention has been described in a client/server environment in which a user initiates a transaction using a personal computer or other device over a computer network, the user could initiate the transaction over other networks. The user for instance could conduct a transaction using a cellular telephone equipped with an alphanumeric display which permits the user to keypad data in over the mobile cellular network. For yet further example, while the invention has been illustrated in terms of an individual consumer initiating a network transaction, the invention can also verify the identity of other entities such as corporations, schools, government units and others seeking to transact business over a network. Those entities can be international in nature. The scope of the invention is accordingly intended to be limited only by the following claims.
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